The role of added feed enzymes in promoting gut health in swine and poultry

Abstract

The value of added feed enzymes (FE) in promoting growth and efficiency of nutrient utilisation is well recognised in single-stomached animal production. However, the effects of FE on the microbiome of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) are largely unrecognised. A critical role in host nutrition, health, performance and quality of the products produced is played by the intestinal microbiota. FE can make an impact on GIT microbial ecology by reducing undigested substrates and anti-nutritive factors and producing oligosaccharides in situ from dietary NSP with potential prebiotic effects. Investigations with molecular microbiology techniques have demonstrated FE-mediated responses on energy utilisation in broiler chickens that were associated with certain clusters of GIT bacteria. Furthermore, investigations using specific enteric pathogen challenge models have demonstrated the efficacy of FE in modulating gut health. Because FE probably change the substrate characteristics along the GIT, subsequent microbiota responses will vary according to the populations present at the time of administration and their reaction to such changes. Therefore, the microbiota responses to FE administration, rather than being absolute, are a continuum or a population of responses. However, recognition that FE can make an impact on the gut microbiota and thus gut health will probably stimulate development of FE capable of modulating gut microbiota to the benefit of host health under specific production conditions. The present review brings to light opportunities and challenges for the role of major FE (carbohydrases and phytase) on the gut health of poultry and swine species with a specific focus on the impact on GIT microbiota.

iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis of longissimus muscle from growing pigs with dietary supplementation of non-starch polysaccharide enzymes

“…The value of providing NSPEs to promote growth performance has been reported in many studies (Bindelle et al, 2011;Willamil et al, 2012;Kiarie et al, 2013). However, the effects of NSPEs on meat quality and chemical composition were not obvious in the present study, which is consistent with previous studies (Kim et al, 2011;Świątkiewicz et al, 2013).…”

“…Non-starch polysaccharide enzymes (NSPEs) are a group of exogenous enzyme mixtures, which have long been used in the feed production of monogastric animals to degrade non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) to oligosaccharides (Silva and Smithard, 2002;Bindelle et al, 2011;Walsh et al, 2012;Willamil et al, 2012;Kiarie et al, 2013). Researchers have proved that the addition of exogenous enzymes has multiple benefits by reducing the impact of numerous antinutritional factors in corn and soybean meal based diets (Yang et al, 2010;Zou et al, 2013).…”

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“…are capable of disrupting plant cell wall integrity, consequently, this enhances rapid digestion by reducing viscosity in the gut (Zijlstra et al, 2010;Bedford & Cowieson, 2012). Apart from the potential of exogenous enzymes to enhance nutrient utilisation and growth (Adeola & Cowieson, 2011), they may alter substrates availability for specific populations of gut microbes, thus, altering bacterial community composition or activities (Bedford and Cowieson, 2012;Kiarie et al, 2013;Zhou et al, 2013;Jiang et al, 2014).…”

“…These enzymes are also widely used to reduce the anti-nutritional effects of non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) in the feed of monogastric animals including pigs and poultry (Alloui et al, 1994;Ghazi et al, 2003;Esonu et al, 2005). The application of phytase has been successful in breaking down phytate to increase mineral and nutrient digestibility that in turn improves the growth performance of fish (Cao et al, 2007;Cao et al, 2008;Kiarie et al, 2013;Adeoye et al, 2016). NSPdegrading enzymes (e.g.…”

Microbiome engineering: Current applications and its future

“…Feed enzymes Animals Supply of feed enzymes that degrade prebiotic substrates [25] Accelerate animal growth, counter infectious diseases…”