The Role of Acetylcholinesterase, Paraxonase, and Oxidative Stress in Breast Tumors

Abstract

Background: Oxidative stress is associated with the development of a large variety of malignancies. Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and arylesterase (ARE) activities, malondialdehyde (MDA), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) plasma levels in two groups of patient with breast cancer and benign breast diseases compared to healthy volunteers. Methods: The present study was composed of two groups of patients with malignant breast tumors (MBT) and benign breast diseases (BBD), and a control group (CON). Enzyme activities and antioxidants markers were measured, using spectrophotometry. Results: In both case groups, MBT and BBD, ARE was found to show lower activity compared to CON group (P = 0.004 and P = 0.014, respectively). Lower activity of AChE was found in both MBT and BBD compared to CON subjects (P = 0.003 and P = 0.034, respectively). The mean plasma levels of MDA in both groups of patients MBT and BBD were higher than those in CON (P < 0.001 for both comparisons). No significant differences were detected between groups regarding the mean levels of TAC. Conclusions:The results obtained from the current study indicate that healthy subjects show a different redox status than patients with MBT and BBD. Our data suggest that erythrocyte AChE may be considered as an indicator of oxidative stress along with other factors in patients with breast tumors. Thus, consuming antioxidant supplements can be helpful for the prevention of breast diseases.

Association between Organochlorine Pesticides and Thyroid Tumors; an in-silico and in-vivo Case Control Study

“…In addition, the results manifested that the TAC levels and AChE activity were higher in the PTC group compared to the BTN group, indicating that the levels of OS were higher in the PTC group compared to the BTN group. It can be concluded that the OS levels depend on the type of pesticides as well as the amount and period of exposure, as reported previously (9)(10)(11)32).…”

“…OCPs disrupt human metabolism by increasing oxidative stress (OS) levels (9)(10)(11)(12). The loss of balance between the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or nitrogen species (RNS) such as nitric oxide (NO) and the antioxidant defense mechanisms leads to a phenomenon called oxidative stress (OS) (6).…”

“…High production of ROS triggers the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in cell membranes. Malondialdehyde (MDA), a secondary product of lipid peroxidation, is considered a potential OS biomarker (9). Moreover, as a result of protein oxidation, carbonyl (CO) groups, e.g.…”

Malvidin prevents lipopolysaccharide‐induced oxidative stress and inflammation in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

“…Lack of any balance between ROS synthesis and antioxidants is referred to as oxidative stress 7 . Inflammatory factors such as NF‐κβ and its associated genes, namely, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and COX‐2, can be triggered by oxidative stress, which results in the aging process caused by the pervasive inflammation‐related responses 8 .…”

“…4 Lack of any balance between ROS synthesis and antioxidants is referred to as oxidative stress. 7 Inflammatory factors such as NF-κβ and its associated genes, namely, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and COX-2, can be triggered by oxidative stress, which results in the aging process caused by the pervasive inflammation-related responses. 8 By scavenging free radicals such as hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anions, antioxidants can reduce the degree of damage caused by ROS, thus helping to prevent organisms' aging.…”