The role of ACE2, angiotensin-(1–7) and Mas1 receptor axis in glucocorticoid-induced intrauterine growth restriction

Ghadhanfar, Elham; Alsalem, Aseel; Al-Kandari, Shaimaa; Naser, Jumana; Babiker, Fawzi; Al‐Bader, Maie

doi:10.1186/s12958-017-0316-8

Cited by 59 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…The potent role of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) in pregnancy has been documented [39,[45][46][47][48]. The ACE2 receptor is critical for RAS since it is involved in the conversion of angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1, angiotensin 1 into angiotensin II, and angiotensin II into angiotensin (1-7) [49]. The expression of the ACE2 receptor has been reported in the placenta [44].…”

Section: Ace2 Receptor In Pregnancymentioning

confidence: 99%

Is pregnancy a risk factor of COVID-19?

Phoswa

Khaliq

2020

European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductiv

137

105

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This review evaluates whether pregnancy is a risk factor for COVID-19 by looking at the expression of immune markers such as immune cells and cytokines in order to have a better understanding on the pathophysiology of the disease, thus reducing maternal deaths. Pregnant women are more at risk of contracting COVID-19 due to their weakened immune system. Studies demonstrate that COVID-19 is an immune condition which is marked by reduced lymphocytes and elevated selected proinflammatory cytokines. Similar immune expression has been demonstrated in pregnancy by several studies. In addition, the placenta has been shown to possess ACE2 receptors on the villous cytotrophoblast and the syncytiotrophoblast and findings suggest that the coronavirus enters the host cells via these ACE2 receptors. The immune response in pregnancy increases the risk of contracting COVID-19. Both normal pregnancy and COVID-19 are marked by decreased lymphocytes, NKG2A inhibitory receptors, and increased ACE2, IL-8, IL-10, and IP-10 it therefore safer to conclude that pregnancy is a risk factor for COVID-19 development. Furthermore, the presence of the ACE2 receptors in the placenta may increase the risk of mother to baby transmission of the virus. Therefore, more studies investigating the link between pregnancy and COVID-19 are needed.

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Section: Ace2 Receptor In Pregnancymentioning

confidence: 99%

Is pregnancy a risk factor of COVID-19?

Phoswa

Khaliq

2020

European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductiv

137

105

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Interestingly, others revealed that ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are co-expressed in a portion of human epiblast cells, suggesting that early human embryos could be susceptible to infection by SARS-CoV-2 [ 67 ]. In rat, ACE2 is enriched in the primary and secondary decidual zone, and in luminal and glandular epithelial cells in early gestation, while its staining is visualized in the labyrinth placenta, and amniotic and yolk sac epithelium in late gestation [ 78 , 79 ]. Moreover, the abundancy of ACE2 in rat placenta increased from mid-gestation [ 80 ].…”

Section: Sars-cov-2 and Pregnancymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Message from the Human Placenta: Structural and Immunomodulatory Defense against SARS-CoV-2

Kreis

Ritter

Louwen

et al. 2020

Cells

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The outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused a global public health crisis. Viral infections may predispose pregnant women to a higher rate of pregnancy complications, including preterm births, miscarriage and stillbirth. Despite reports of neonatal COVID-19, definitive proof of vertical transmission is still lacking. In this review, we summarize studies regarding the potential evidence for transplacental transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), characterize the expression of its receptors and proteases, describe the placental pathology and analyze virus-host interactions at the maternal-fetal interface. We focus on the syncytium, the barrier between mother and fetus, and describe in detail its physical and structural defense against viral infections. We further discuss the potential molecular mechanisms, whereby the placenta serves as a defense front against pathogens by regulating the interferon type III signaling, microRNA-triggered autophagy and the nuclear factor-κB pathway. Based on these data, we conclude that vertical transmission may occur but rare, ascribed to the potent physical barrier, the fine-regulated placental immune defense and modulation strategies. Particularly, immunomodulatory mechanisms employed by the placenta may mitigate violent immune response, maybe soften cytokine storm tightly associated with severely ill COVID-19 patients, possibly minimizing cell and tissue damages, and potentially reducing SARS-CoV-2 transmission.

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“…In our opinion, the explanation for the correlation between age and COVID-19 disease severity might be related not only to the immune decline of an aged immune system (termed immunesenescence) but also to a peculiar ACE plasma profile that may characterize children from birth. Indeed in mid to late pregnancy in women, an increase in urine and plasma levels of ACE2 were found as well as an increase in local placental/uterine production and activity of ACE2, suggesting a systemic hemodynamic role in the enhancement of placentalfetal blood flow and rapid fetal growth (19).…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%