The Role and Significance of Bioumoral Markers in Prostate Cancer

Abstract

The prostate is one of the most clinically accessible internal organs of the genitourinary tract in men. For decades, the only method of screening for prostate cancer (PCa) has been digital rectal examination of 1990s significantly increased the incidence and prevalence of PCa and consequently the morbidity and mortality associated with this disease. In addition, the different types of oncology treatment methods have been linked to specific complications and side effects, which would affect the patient’s quality of life. In the first two decades of the 21st century, over-detection and over-treatment of PCa patients has generated enormous costs for health systems, especially in Europe and the United States. The Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) is still the most common and accessible screening blood test for PCa, but with low sensibility and specificity at lower values (<10 ng/mL). Therefore, in order to avoid unnecessary biopsies, several screening tests (blood, urine, or genetic) have been developed. This review analyzes the most used bioumoral markers for PCa screening and also those that could predict the evolution of metastases of patients diagnosed with PCa.

Diagnostic and prognostic efficiency of calculated complex prostate-specific antigen percentage (cPSA%) for prostate cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia

“…Moreover, fPSA% is superior to the total PSA assay in the diagnosis and distinguishing PCa from BPH [7]. Few studies have investigated the e cacy (Sum of speci city and sensitivity %) of serum complexed PSA% (cPSA%) in patients with PCa and BPH [5,8,9]. The highest amount of serum-binding tPSA is bound to α-antichymotrypsin (PSA-ACT) in immunoassays, and as tPSA levels rise, PSA-ACT levels increase [9,10].…”

“…Digital-rectal examination (DRE), prostate-speci c antigen (PSA), and transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy (tRUbiopsy) have been demonstrated to be useful indicators for the diagnosis and staging of PCa, and increased total PSA reduces the rate of unnecessary biopsies in the gray zone [4]. Since they are limited in the differential diagnosis between PCa and BPH [5,6]. A promising approach to improve speci city has been demonstrated by measuring the molecular isoform-free PSA percentage (fPSA%).…”