The role and applications of extracellular vesicles in osteoporosis

Abstract

Osteoporosis is a widely observed condition characterized by the systemic deterioration of bone mass and microarchitecture, which increases patient susceptibility to fragile fractures. The intricate mechanisms governing bone homeostasis are substantially impacted by extracellular vesicles (EVs), which play crucial roles in both pathological and physiological contexts. EVs derived from various sources exert distinct effects on osteoporosis. Specifically, EVs released by osteoblasts, endothelial cells, myocytes, and mesenchymal stem cells contribute to bone formation due to their unique cargo of proteins, miRNAs, and cytokines. Conversely, EVs secreted by osteoclasts and immune cells promote bone resorption and inhibit bone formation. Furthermore, the use of EVs as therapeutic modalities or biomaterials for diagnosing and managing osteoporosis is promising. Here, we review the current understanding of the impact of EVs on bone homeostasis, including the classification and biogenesis of EVs and the intricate regulatory mechanisms of EVs in osteoporosis. Furthermore, we present an overview of the latest research progress on diagnosing and treating osteoporosis by using EVs. Finally, we discuss the challenges and prospects of translational research on the use of EVs in osteoporosis.

Extracellular vesicles in chronic kidney disease: diagnostic and therapeutic roles

“…The biogenesis mechanism begins with the outward budding and pinching of the plasma membrane (PM), which releases newly produced MVs straight into the extracellular environment ( Muralidharan-Chari et al, 2009 ). Meanwhile, SCRT-dependent mechanisms and small GTPases may both be involved in this process ( Sedgwick et al, 2015 ; Mathieu et al, 2019 ; Fang et al, 2024 ).…”