The Risk of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Human Food and Animal Feed

Jank, Bernhard; Rath, Johannes

doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2017.01.002

Cited by 20 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…PAs are phytoalexins that function in plant defense systems against herbivores, insects, and plant pathogens. However, they are harmful to human and animal health ( Jank and Rath, 2017 ; Martinello et al, 2017 ), as they are involved in metabolic toxification in the liver caused by PA poisoning ( Bull et al, 1968 ; Prakash et al, 1999 ). The German Federal Department of Health stated that the safe total daily dose of PA is less than 1 μg, and doctors do not allow continuous administration of drugs with PA for more than 6 weeks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Ligularia Herbs Using the Complete Chloroplast Genome as a Super-Barcode

et al. 2018

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More than 30 Ligularia Cass. (Asteraceae) species have long been used in folk medicine in China. Morphological features and common DNA regions are both not ideal to identify Ligularia species. As some Ligularia species contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which are hazardous to human and animal health and are involved in metabolic toxification in the liver, it is important to find a better way to distinguish these species. Here, we report complete chloroplast (CP) genomes of six Ligularia species, L. intermedia, L. jaluensis, L. mongolica, L. hodgsonii, L. veitchiana, and L. fischeri, obtained through high-throughput Illumina sequencing technology. These CP genomes showed typical circular tetramerous structure and their sizes range from 151,118 to 151,253 bp. The GC content of each CP genome is 37.5%. Every CP genome contains 134 genes, including 87 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, eight rRNA genes, and two pseudogenes (ycf1 and rps19). From the mVISTA, there were no potential coding or non-coding regions to distinguish these six Ligularia species, but the maximum likelihood tree of the six Ligularia species and other related species showed that the whole CP genome can be used as a super-barcode to identify these six Ligularia species. This study provides invaluable data for species identification, allowing for future studies on phylogenetic evolution and safe medical applications of Ligularia.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Ligularia Herbs Using the Complete Chloroplast Genome as a Super-Barcode

et al. 2018

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“…It is thought that PAs were detected in green tea because it was contaminated by weeds containing large amounts of PAs and not because green tea leaves produced PAs. Jank et al [28] also reported that the cause of PAs' detection in green tea was weed contamination. Out of 21 PAs, 15 were detected, including echimidine, heliotrine, lasiocarpine, lycopsamine, retrosine-N-oxide, senecionine-N-oxide, senecionine, seneciphylline-N-oxide, seneciphylline, senkirkine, trichodesmine, europine-N-oxide, intermedine, lasiocarpine-N-oxide, and heliotrine-N-oxide (Table 5).…”

Section: Application For Commercial Tea Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Teas Using Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Combined with Rapid-Easy Extraction

Kwon

Koo

Jeong

2021

Foods

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This study developed an analytical method to determine pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in teas using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry combined with rapid-easy extraction. PAs were extracted with 40 mL of 0.05 M sulfuric acid in 50% methanol solution and cleaned up using Oasis MCX SPE cartridges. Chromatographic separation of 21 PAs was conducted on an X-Bridge C18 column with gradient elution. According to the AOAC official analysis methods, the developed method was verified to establish linearity, limits of detection, limits of quantification, accuracy, inter-day precision, and intra-day precision for each PA. Overall, the method showed excellent repeatability, sensitivity, and reproducibility. The verified method was applied to tea samples, including maté, lemon balm, fennel, hibiscus, chrysanthemum, lavender, oolong tea, chamomile, rooibos, peppermint, mix tea, black, and green tea. One of the main advantages of the method developed in this study is that it allows complete separation of lycopsamine and intermedine peaks. Therefore, the method could be used to monitor PAs in teas.

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“…The pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are widespread plant secondary metabolites. PAs are regarded as natural toxins on account of their potential health risks for both livestock and human [1,2,3]. Amounts of in vivo and in vitro experiments have shown that PAs principally caused damage to the liver [4,5], some might harm the lungs via the blood vessels [6] and even damage the brain [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous Determination and Risk Assessment of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Artemisia capillaris Thunb. by UPLC-MS/MS Together with Chemometrics

Chen

Wang

Guo³

et al. 2019

Molecules

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Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are natural toxins found in some genera of the family Asteraceae. However, it has not been reported whether PAs are present in the widely used Asteraceae plant Artemisia capillaris Thunb. (A. capillaris). The purpose of this study was to establish a sensitive and rapid UPLC-MS/MS method together with chemometrics analysis for simultaneous determination and risk assessment of PAs in A. capillaris. The developed UPLC-MS/MS method was validated and was confirmed to display desirable high selectivity, precision and accuracy. Risk assessment was conducted according to the European Medicines Agency (EMA) guideline. Chemometrics analysis was performed with hierarchical clustering analysis and principal component analysis to characterize the differences between PAs of A. capillaris. Finally, PAs were found in 29 out of 30 samples and at least two were detected in each sample, besides, more than half of the samples exceeded the EMA baseline. Nevertheless, the chemometrics results suggested that the PAs contents of A. capillaris from different sources varied significantly. The method was successfully applied to the detection and risk evaluation of PAs-containing A. capillaris for the first time. This study should provide a meaningful reference for the rational and safe use of A. capillaris.

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The Risk of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Human Food and Animal Feed

Cited by 20 publications

References 5 publications

Identification of Ligularia Herbs Using the Complete Chloroplast Genome as a Super-Barcode

Identification of Ligularia Herbs Using the Complete Chloroplast Genome as a Super-Barcode

Determination of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Teas Using Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Combined with Rapid-Easy Extraction

Simultaneous Determination and Risk Assessment of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Artemisia capillaris Thunb. by UPLC-MS/MS Together with Chemometrics

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