The risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma in patients with anogenital lichen sclerosis: A systematic review

Spekreijse, Judith; Streng, Bianca M.M.; Vermeulen, R F M; Voss, Féline O; Vermaat, Hester; Beurden, Marc van

doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2020.02.020

Cited by 28 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Regarding possible malignant transformation, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in pediatric LS has never been reported. However, adults LS patients are at risk for developing genital SCC later in life, as described by Spekreijse et al, the absolute risk in men with LS being between 0.00 and 0.91%, and in women between 0.21 and 3.88% 88 88‐90 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…This is particularly so for patients with a delayed diagnosis or partial treatment or response to topical corticosteroids 88‐90 . It is unknown whether this risk is applicable when LS develops in childhood 88 . Howevere, six pediatric cases of vulvar melanoma have been described in conjunction with LS 91‐94 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, adults LS patients are at risk for developing genital SCC later in life, as described by Spekreijse et al, the absolute risk in men with LS being between 0.00 and 0.91%, and in women between 0.21 and 3.88%. 88 This is particularly so for patients with a delayed diagnosis or partial treatment or response to topical corticosteroids. [88][89][90] It is unknown whether this risk is applicable when LS develops in childhood.…”

Section: Prognosismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of lichen sclerosus in boys and girls: A systematic literature review of epidemiology, symptoms, genetic background, risk factors, treatment, and prognosis

Kumar

Morrel

Hees

et al. 2022

Pediatric Dermatology

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Lichen sclerosus (LS), first described by Breisky (1885) and Hallopeau (1887), is a chronic inflammatory skin disease which predominantly affects the anogenital region. 1,2 LS is relatively common in postmenopausal women, with an estimated prevalence between 1:1000 and 1:60. 3,4 In men, LS seems less common 5 ; the reported ratio between men and women varies from 1:10 to 1:6. 6,7 The disease is well-documented in adults; less is known regarding LS in children. In addition, many publications address LS in either boys or girls, but not both. Therefore, we aim to assess the literature on LS in both boys and girls. LS has been known by various synonyms such as white spot disease, kraurosis vulvae, lichen sclerosus et atrophicus vulvae or, in men, balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO). For consistency, in this review, we uniformly use the term lichen sclerosus.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Prognosismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of lichen sclerosus in boys and girls: A systematic literature review of epidemiology, symptoms, genetic background, risk factors, treatment, and prognosis

Kumar

Morrel

Hees

et al. 2022

Pediatric Dermatology

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“…In our series, all cases except one were associated with lesions at risk of neoplastic transformation. Lichen sclerosus is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that can lead to the development of vulvar cancer: the absolute risk of SCC in patients with vulvar lichen sclerosus varied between 0.21% and 3.88%, with increase by age, presence of VIN, a long history of lichen sclerosus, and partial compliance of treatment with topical corticosteroids [22].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Superficially Invasive Vulvar Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A 37-Year-Long Experience of a Tertiary Referral Center

Preti

Borella

Gallio

et al. 2021

Cancers

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Superficially, invasive vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (SISCCA) (FIGO stage IA) is a rare subset of vulvar cancer defined as a single lesion measuring ≤2 cm with a depth of invasion of ≤1.0 mm. This is a retrospective study performed on 48 patients with SISCCA, surgically treated between 1981 and 2018 at the S. Anna Hospital, University of Turin, to evaluate pathological characteristics and prognosis of these tumors. Ten patients (21%) recurred: seven (14%) as SISCCA and three (7%) as deeply invasive carcinoma. One case with perineural invasion and groin node metastasis at recurrence. No patient had groin lymph node metastases at initial diagnosis. Site of SISCCA, type of surgery, status of surgical margins, and histopathological features did not differ between recurrent and non-recurrent patients. We observed a non-significant trend towards an increase of recurrences in younger women (median age: 63 years vs. 70 years, p = 0.09), while, surprisingly, smaller tumors (<12 mm) were significantly related to tumor relapse (p = 0.03). Overall, SISCCA has a good long-term prognosis, regardless of the pathological characteristics and the type of surgical treatment. We recommend close follow-up, especially for younger patients and for small tumors, due to the possibility of recurrence or re-occurrence even after years.

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“…In their systematic review, Spekreijse et al reported that the absolute risk of developing SCC in women with VLS varied between 0.21% and 3.88%. Contributing factors to this risk included age, presence of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia, long medical history of VLS, delayed diagnosis of VLS, and only partial compliance in terms of use of the topical treatment [ 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photodynamic Therapy in the Treatment of Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Gerkowicz

Szczepanik-Kułak

Krasowska

2021

JCM

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Vulvar lichen sclerosus (VLS) is a chronic inflammatory disease involving the genital skin and mucous membrane. Patients exhibit focal atrophy and destructive scarring, with an increased risk of malignant transformation. Due to objective symptoms as well as subjective complaints, patients with VLS experience emotional distress, lowered mood, and sexual dysfunction, which is reflected in impaired health-related quality of life. Thus, the necessity of implementing appropriate therapy at the earliest possible stage of the disease in order to avoid serious complications is highlighted. We presented the systematic review of available literature, performed with MEDLINE, Cinahl, Central, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. We identified a total of twenty relevant studies which indicate that photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a valuable therapeutic modality in the treatment of VLS.

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The risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma in patients with anogenital lichen sclerosis: A systematic review

Cited by 28 publications

References 27 publications

Comparison of lichen sclerosus in boys and girls: A systematic literature review of epidemiology, symptoms, genetic background, risk factors, treatment, and prognosis

Comparison of lichen sclerosus in boys and girls: A systematic literature review of epidemiology, symptoms, genetic background, risk factors, treatment, and prognosis

Superficially Invasive Vulvar Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A 37-Year-Long Experience of a Tertiary Referral Center

Photodynamic Therapy in the Treatment of Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus: A Systematic Review of the Literature

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