The risk of developing major depression among individuals with subthreshold depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies

Lee, Yong Yi; Stockings, Emily; Harris, Meredith; Doi, Suhail A.R.; Page, Imogen; Davidson, Sandra; Barendregt, Jan J.

doi:10.1017/s0033291718000557

Cited by 112 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Hence, our findings cannot be directly generalized to populations with severe and clinically significant depressive symptomatology. Nevertheless, a recent review highlighted that more research should be directed at understanding subclinical depression, since it strongly predicts later clinical depression and could provide new tools for tailoring early and preventive interventions (Lee et al, 2018). This was the Dispositional compassion and depressive symptoms primary aim of the present study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

The relationship of dispositional compassion for others with depressive symptoms over a 15-year prospective follow-up

Saarinen

Keltikangas‐Järvinen

Cloninger

et al. 2019

Journal of Affective Disorders

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Background: The aim of this study was to investigate (i) the direction of the relationships between dispositional compassion for others and depressive symptoms over a 15-year follow-up in adulthood and (ii) the longitudinal associations of dispositional compassion with total depressive symptoms and various depressive subsymptoms (i.e. negative attitude, performance difficulties, and somatic complaints) from early adulthood to middle age. Methods: The participants (N=1676) came from the prospective Young Finns Study. Dispositional compassion was assessed with the Temperament and Character Inventory and depressive symptoms with a modified version of the Beck Depression Inventory. The measurements were conducted between 1997−2012 including three measurement points. The data was analyzed using structural equation models and multilevel models for longitudinal design. Results: The predictive relationships were more likely to proceed from high dispositional compassion for others to lower depressive symptoms than in the opposite direction. Additionally, high dispositional compassion predicted a lower total score of depressive symptoms and also lower scores of various depressive subsymptoms (negative attitude, performance difficulties, somatic complaints) in early adulthood. These associations, however, weakened over years and became non-significant in middle age. All the findings were sustained after controlling for age, gender, and socioeconomic factors in childhood and adulthood. Limitations: Depressive symptoms were mostly mild and non-clinical in our sample. The findings cannot be directly generalized to severe depressive symptomatology. Conclusions: When tailoring psychiatric interventions, it is necessary to be aware that compassion for others may lower the risk for the onset and maintenance of depressive symptoms, especially in early adulthood.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

The relationship of dispositional compassion for others with depressive symptoms over a 15-year prospective follow-up

Saarinen

Keltikangas‐Järvinen

Cloninger

et al. 2019

Journal of Affective Disorders

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“…Two recent studies have reported increased symptoms of anxiety, symptoms of eating disorder and other psychiatric symptoms among psychiatric patients during the COVID-19 pandemic [4]. This may be signi cant also for individuals with minor mental health problems because they are at risk for developing more severe problems [22][23][24].…”

Section: Mental Health Problemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depression, Anxiety and Stress Symptomatology among Swedish University Students Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cohort Study.

Johansson

Côté

Hogg‐Johnson³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound effect on societies, economies, and daily life of citizens worldwide. This has raised important concerns about the mental health of different populations. We aimed to determine if symptom levels of depression, anxiety, and stress were different during the COVID-19 outbreak compared to before, with the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale as main outcome. We also aimed to determine whether pre-pandemic loneliness, poor sleep quality and mental health problems were associated with worse trajectories of mental health. Methods. We conducted a cohort study with 1658 Swedish university students answering questionnaires before the pandemic and a 81 % response-rate to follow-ups during the pandemic. Generalized Estimating Equations were used to estimate mean levels of symptoms before and during the pandemic, and to estimate effect modification by levels of loneliness, sleep quality and pre-existing mental health problems. Results. We found small differences in symptoms. Mean depression increased by 0.23/21 (95% CI:0.03 to 0.43), mean anxiety decreased by -0.06/21 (95% CI: -0.21 to 0.09) and mean stress decreased by - 0.34/21 (95% CI: -0.56 to -0.12). Loneliness, poor sleep quality and pre-existing mental health problems minimally influenced trajectories. Conclusions. Contrary to widely held concerns, we found minimal changes in mental health among Swedish university students during the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic.

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“…Within the preventive spectrum, prioritized attention should be given to preventive interventions that focus on treating subclinical depressive symptoms to prevent progression to full-blown depressive episodes (i.e., indicated prevention). These interventions are especially cost-effective because they focus on populations with a higher incidence of the disorder because subclinical depressive symptomatology is a factor that doubles the probability of developing major depression [13]. In addition, such preventive interventions are clinically useful in and of themselves because subclinical symptoms are one of the main risk factors for a depressive episode [14], produce clinically significant discomfort and functional impairment [15], have economic costs comparable to those of major depression [16], and increase the risk of mortality [17,18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the Components of a Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention for the prevention of Depression Administered via Conference Call to Nonprofessional Caregivers: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Vázquez

López

Torres

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Effective and accessible interventions for indicated prevention of depression are necessary and lacking, especially for informal caregivers. Although telephone-based interventions could increase the accessibility for caregivers, randomized controlled trials are scarce, with no examination of prevention to date. Moreover, the efficacy of specific therapeutic components in preventive cognitive-behavioral programs is unknown. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a telephone-administered psychological preventive intervention in informal caregivers with high depressive symptoms. A total of 219 caregivers were randomized to a cognitive-behavioral conference call intervention (CBCC, n = 69), a behavioral-activation conference call intervention (BACC, n = 70), or a usual care control group (CG, n = 80). Both interventions consisted of five 90-minute group sessions. At the post-intervention, incidence of depression was lower in CBCC and BACC compared to CG (1.5% and 1.4% vs. 8.8%). Relative risk was 0.17 for the CBCC and 0.16 for the BACC, and the number-needed-to-treat was 14 in both groups. Depressive symptoms were significantly lower in BACC and BACC groups compared to CG (d = 1.16 and 1.29), with no significant differences between CBCC and BACC groups. The conference call intervention was effective in preventing depression and the behavioral-activation component (BACC) was comparable to the CBCC intervention.

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The risk of developing major depression among individuals with subthreshold depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies

Abstract: The results of this study support the scaling up of effective indicated prevention interventions for people with subthreshold depression, regardless of age group or setting.

Cited by 112 publications

References 41 publications

The relationship of dispositional compassion for others with depressive symptoms over a 15-year prospective follow-up

The relationship of dispositional compassion for others with depressive symptoms over a 15-year prospective follow-up

Depression, Anxiety and Stress Symptomatology among Swedish University Students Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cohort Study.

Analysis of the Components of a Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention for the prevention of Depression Administered via Conference Call to Nonprofessional Caregivers: A Randomized Controlled Trial

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