The risk of cardiovascular disease in women after miscarriage, stillbirth, and therapeutic abortion: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in women, responsible for approximately a third of all female deaths. Pregnancy complications are known to be associated with a greater risk of incident CVD in mothers. However, the relationships between pregnancy loss due to miscarriage, stillbirth, or therapeutic abortion, and future maternal cardiovascular health are under-researched. This study seeks to provide an up-to-date systematic review and meta-analysis of the relationship between these three forms of pregnancy loss and the subsequent development of CVD. Methods This systematic review will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis checklist (PRISMA) and the Meta-analyses Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) Checklist. A systematic search will be undertaken using publications identified in MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus, Web of Knowledge, the CINAHL Nursing Database, and the Cochrane Library. The eligibility of each publication will be determined by predefined selection criteria. The quality of the included studies will be rated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Pooled measures of association will be computed using random-effects model meta-analyses. Between-study heterogeneity will be assessed using the I2 statistic and the Cochrane χ2 statistic. Small study effects will be evaluated for meta-analyses with sufficient studies through the use of funnel plots and Egger’s test. Discussion The results of this systematic review will discuss the long-term risks of multiple types of cardiovascular disease in women who have experienced miscarriage, stillbirth, and/or therapeutic abortion. It will contribute to the growing field of cardio-obstetrics as the first to consider the full breadth of literature regarding the association between all forms of pregnancy loss and future maternal cardiovascular disease. Systematic review registration PROSPERO registration number [CRD42020167587]

Is There a Relationship between Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes and Future Development of Atherosclerosis?

“…Although vascular disorders present a feasible association between pregnancy losses and the atherosclerotic consequences we analyzed, it is challenging to establish whether pre-eclampsia, a recognized hazard for subsequent CHD and ischemic stroke, is causally connected or whether miscarriage or stillbirth is autonomously related to later outcomes [ 68 ]. Pre-eclampsia is acknowledged to reoccur; hence, early pre-eclampsia or its precursors cannot be eliminated as a potential source of, for instance, MI linked with repetitive miscarriage.…”

Cardiovascular complications following medical termination of pregnancy: An updated review

“…Due to the recent identification of female-specific factors associated with a greater cardiovascular (CVD) risk, it provides the potential to implement effective and targeted preventative measures to decrease disease burden at an individual and population level[ 2 ]. Therefore, having an understanding of the female specific risk stratification and prevention is important.…”