“…When it comes to tutoring in graduate writing centers (GWCs), the EAP concepts of genre and discourse community have begun to be taken up, possibly because the specific needs of graduate student writers, of whom many are NNSs, are often inextricable from their highly specialized content knowledge and language backgrounds (Simpson, 2012).It is not clear how closely GWC tutoring adheres to the definition Topping provides, as this tutoring context is emergent (Summers, 2019). Summers (2019) asserts that universities started establishing GWCs during a historical "crisis" (p. 51) period in which universities were actively combating high attrition rates for Ph.D. students at the same time as they were admitting increasing numbers of international students needing writing and language support. At this time, the effectiveness of GWCs at curbing the crisis in only speculative.…”