The Rise of Rome

Lomas, Kathryn

doi:10.4159/9780674919938

Cited by 15 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…As several of the Kings of Rome were Etruscans, viticulture appeared early on around the city. Since the mid-eighth century BCE, Rome had been expanding by absorbing its neighbours (Lomas 2018;Southern 2014). The Romans did not win all the battles they fought, but they stubbornly came back after a loss and, in the end, managed to impose their will.…”

Section: Roman Gaulmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wine and France: A Brief History

Estreicher

2023

European Review

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The earliest archaeological evidence of wine making in Southern France is dated 425 bce. Viticulture was present along the Mediterranean coast of France when the Romans arrived (second century bce) and flourished everywhere by the time they left (fifth century ce). For several centuries, long-distance trade virtually disappeared and the infrastructure fell apart. Profitable viticulture remained mostly local and was concentrated in the hands of the wealthy nobility and the Church. After the turn of the first Millennium, towns became cities and a middle-class emerged. In the twelfth century, the wine trade with England gained importance. Wines were shipped from Rouen, Nantes, La Rochelle, and later Bordeaux. Monastic orders controlled the most fertile land, especially in Champagne and Burgundy. In the thirteenth century, the Languedoc became a part of France. During the Avignon papacy, new vineyards were planted, in particular Châteauneuf-du-Pape. After the Renaissance, scientific studies gradually improved viticulture and wine-making. Ultimately, fermentation was understood. The Dutch greatly expanded the wine trade. Then, the first intentionally bubbly wines, distilled wines, and noble-rot wines were made. Informal rankings of Bordeaux wines led to the famous 1855 classification. In the late nineteenth century, nature-made catastrophes, especially phylloxera, transformed France into the largest wine-importing country in the world. Sub-standard and blended wines became common, hurting the reputation of all French wines. The two world wars, the Great Depression and Prohibition shrunk the market for wines. The way out involved strict quality-control measures and hard work. The next problem could well be global warming.

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Section: Roman Gaulmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By the late sixth century, Massaliotes amphorae were widespread (Brun 2004). Some were found in the tombs of wealthy Celts in northern Italy (Lomas 2018), suggesting that quality wine was produced in Massilia. In the fifth and fourth centuries, virtually all the amphorae in southern Gaul were Massaliote (McGovern et al 2000).…”

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confidence: 99%