The rise of cryptology in the European Renaissance

Strasser, Gerhard F.

doi:10.1016/b978-044451608-4/50012-2

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…Cryptology is a science that is usually explained based on its historical development. In the study of cryptography, its methods and systems, the various procedures and techniques, are explained: the Greek Skytalé, the substitution of Aeneas, the methods of the statesman and military general Gaius Iulius Caesar (100 BC-44 BC) and the emperor Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus Augustus (63 BC-14) [1], the polyalphabetic substitution of Johannes Heidenberg, OSB, known as Tritemius (1462-1516) [2], the Girolamo Cardano grille (1501-1576) [3] (pp. 95-97), other transposition ciphers (rows-columns, series, groups) [4] (pp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Some Notes on a Formal Algebraic Structure of Cryptology

Vera

Ávila

2021

Mathematics

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Cryptology, since its advent as an art, art of secret writing, has slowly evolved and changed, above all since the middle of the last century. It has gone on to obtain a more solid rank as an applied mathematical science. We want to propose some annotations in this regard in this paper. To do this, and after reviewing the broad spectrum of methods and systems throughout history, and from the traditional classification, we offer a reordering in a more compact and complete way by placing the cryptographic diversity from the algebraic binary relations. This foundation of cryptological operations from the principles of algebra is enriched by adding what we call pre-cryptological operations which we show as a necessary complement to the entire structure of cryptology. From this framework, we believe that it is improved the diversity of questions related to the meaning, the fundamentals, the statute itself, and the possibilities of cryptological science.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…• Bigramic (2-g to 2-g), and in general, n-gramic to n-gramic. Giambattista della Porta (1535-1615) was the inventor of the 2-g monoalphabetic substitution system to 2-g [2] (pp. 291-292), a scheme from which the generalization of n-grams to n-grams is possible, as we find in various nomenclators or the Playfair system [6] (pp.…”

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confidence: 99%

Some Notes on a Formal Algebraic Structure of Cryptology

Vera

Ávila

2021

Mathematics

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“…It is believed [1] that the Spartan general Lysander used the skytale to secure critical information in a battle against the Persians in 405 BC, and the subsequent victory of the Spartans had a lasting impact on early European history. The idea that the skytale was used as a cryptographic device dates back to Cicero (106-43 BC) [2], however this idea has come under scrutiny in recent times. In 1998, after studying the available Greek source material, Kelly [3] claims that "the skytale was nothing more than a piece of leather or parchment attached to a stick" [3, p. 260].…”

Section: History Of Cryptographymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Classical-Light Attack on Energy-Time Entangled Quantum Key Distribution, and Countermeasures

Jogenfors¹

2015

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Quantum key distribution (QKD) is an application of quantum mechanics that allows two parties to communicate with perfect secrecy. Traditional QKD uses polarization of individual photons, but the development of energytime entanglement could lead to QKD protocols robust against environmental effects. The security proofs of energy-time entangled QKD rely on a violation of the Bell inequality to certify the system as secure. This thesis shows that the Bell violation can be faked in energy-time entangled QKD protocols that involve a postselection step, such as Franson-based setups. Using pulsed and phase-modulated classical light, it is possible to circumvent the Bell test which allows for a local hidden-variable model to give the same predictions as the quantum-mechanical description. We show that this attack works experimentally and also how energy-time-entangled systems can be strengthened to avoid our attack. v vi Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattningKvantkryptering är en tillämpning av kvantmekanik där fysikens lagar används för att kryptera information. Till skillnad mot klassisk kryptering, som bygger på matematiska problem som antas (men inte bevisats) vara svåra att forcera, kan kvantkryptering ge garanterad säkerhet. Inte ens en oändligt snabb dator kan kringgå hemligheter som krypterats på kvantmekanisk väg eftersom säkerheten kommer direkt från fysikens lagar. Vanligtvis bygger kvantkryptering på enstaka fotoner där polarisering bär information, men nackdelen med den metoden är att polarisering är relativt känslig för störningar. Därför har det på senare tid kommit en ny metod, energi-tidssnärjning, som antas vara mer robust och därmed kan vara mer lämpat till att användas i stor skala. Det mest kända protokollet som bygger på denna teknik är Fransons interferometer. Detta system har utvärderats av ledande forskargrupper runt om i världen, och under många år har man trott att det kan uppnå garanterad säkerhet. Denna avhandling kommer dock visa på en inbyggd, allvarlig svaghet som gör att en tredje part kan forcera säkerheten i Fransons interferometer utan att lämna spår efter sig. Följderna är påtagliga; kvantkryptering som baseras på Fransons interferometer kan avlyssnas och måste därför byta ut den grundläggande säkerhetsmekanismen. Bells olikhet i sin ursprungliga form kan luras att certifiera ett osäkert system som säkert, och vi avslutar med att ge förslag på möjliga förbättringar. vii viii

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“…This value coincides with the value of the Hebrew word ‫,"אליעזר"‬ Eliezer, Abraham's servant, thus identifying both senses in response to the search for solutions to the divine and prophetical questions of the sacred texts by the mystics of Judaism ( [36], pp. 79, 91-92; [37,38]). We will now put Hebrew aside and talk about the Greek language, since we will refer at this point to the case of a Christian book written in Greek, the Book of Revelation.…”

Section: The Christ Blessing At Kunstmuseum In Winterthur Switzerlandmentioning

confidence: 99%

Four Versions of the Christus by the Massys: Deciphering the Meaning of the Letters

Vera¹,

Ávila²

2017

Religions

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Abstract:The Flemish painters Quentin Massys and his son Jan Massys appear to be the authors of four works with a very similar motif, the bust of Jesus Christ. These canvasses can be found in different locations today: the Prado Museum in Madrid (Spain), the RKD Netherlands Institute for Art History of The Hague (Netherlands), the Kunstmuseum Winterthur (Switzerland), and another one in a private collection. Written on the edge of the robe around the neck, these canvasses display a series of Hebrew or pseudo-Hebrew letters. We offer the complete solution deciphered, until today incomplete, for three of them, with a very similar letter sequence. Finally, we resolve completely one of the canvasses, which, until today, had no known solution.

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The rise of cryptology in the European Renaissance

Cited by 10 publications

References 19 publications

Some Notes on a Formal Algebraic Structure of Cryptology

Some Notes on a Formal Algebraic Structure of Cryptology

A Classical-Light Attack on Energy-Time Entangled Quantum Key Distribution, and Countermeasures

Four Versions of the Christus by the Massys: Deciphering the Meaning of the Letters

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