“…Although the Himalaya is probably one of the most politically complex and ecologically fragile regions in the world (Ives 2012), it is also an example of the potential for provision of a range of environmental systems and services (Grumbine and Pandit 2013;Blaikie and Muldavin 2004). With the rise of the Chinese and Indian economies-located to the north and south of the mountain chain-the region has also become a geopolitical and political economic centre of global importance (Wirsing 2013;Zhang 2016), simultaneously posing both ecological and political opportunities and challenges (Goldstein et al 2006). The increasing level of upstream-downstream interrelationships, such as those pertaining to transboundary water systems, also demands greater international cooperation in the region.…”