The Rise and Fall of Tetraethyllead. 2.

Seyferth, Dietmar

doi:10.1021/om030621b

Cited by 73 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…For this reason, the lead scavengers 1,2-dibromoethane and 1,2-dichloroethane are used in conjunction with TEL. These agents form volatile lead bromide and lead chloride, respectively, which are exhausted from the engine and into the air (Seyferth 2003). The mean concentration of Pb in residential soils of Kerman in the present study was over 100 mg/kg, that is ten times lead concentration in rocks and sediments around Kerman.…”

Section: Effect Of Trafficmentioning

confidence: 47%

Assessing geochemical influence of traffic and other vehicle-related activities on heavy metal contamination in urban soils of Kerman city, using a GIS-based approach

Hamzeh

Aftabi

Mohammad³

2011

Environ Geochem Health

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Heavy metal pollution caused by traffic activities is increasingly becoming a great threat to urban environmental quality and human health. In this paper, soils of Kerman urban and suburban areas were collected to assess the potential effects of traffic and other vehicle-related pollution by heavy metal accumulation in soils. Eighty-six samples were collected along streets and from residential and rural sectors, as well as vehicle-related workshops from depth of 0-5 and 15-20 cm and analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) for heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Sn and Zn), as well as major elements (Al, Ca, Fe and Mn). Several hot-spot areas were identified in the composite geochemical maps produced based on Geographical Information System (GIS) technology. The majority of the hot-spot areas were identified to be vehicle-related workshops, fuel stations and road junctions. The most polluted hot-spot in the study area was located in soils close to a car battery processing workshop in the southwestern part of Kerman city, with concentrations of Cd (0.32 mg/kg), Cr (169 mg/kg), Cu (250 mg/kg), Pb (5,780 mg/kg), Sn (27.2 mg/kg) and Zn (178 mg/kg) of 1, 8.5, 8.3, 230, 13.5 and 3 times more than the relevant mean concentrations in natural soils, respectively. Traffic pollution has resulted in significant accumulation of heavy metals in soils and sediments, and that level of accumulation varied remarkably among elements. Based on X-ray diffraction analysis, most parts of soils and sediments of the Kerman basement consist of calcite and clay minerals. Abundance of clay minerals and medium to alkaline pH causes low mobility of heavy metals in soils of Kerman.

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Section: Effect Of Trafficmentioning

confidence: 47%

Assessing geochemical influence of traffic and other vehicle-related activities on heavy metal contamination in urban soils of Kerman city, using a GIS-based approach

Hamzeh

Aftabi

Mohammad³

2011

Environ Geochem Health

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“…In nature, they are often found in the marine environment 56 ; for instance, bromoform CHBr 3 (which is also used for water treatment) is produced by edible algae and phytoplankton 57 . The industrial use of bromine-containing compounds ranges from additive in leaded petrol (antiknock agent) 58 through pesticides and fumigants for agriculture to radiopaque acrylic bone cement for surgery 59 . They also used to be widely employed as fireretardants 60 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the sensitivity of hard X-ray spectroscopies to the chemical state of Br

Bordage

Pápai

Sas

et al. 2013

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

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The sensitivity of the 1s X-ray emission and high-energy-resolution fluorescence-detected X-ray absorption spectroscopies (XES and HERFD-XAS) to resolve the variations of the chemical state (electronic structure and local coordination) of Br has been investigated for a selected set of compounds including NaBrO 3 , NH 4 Br and C 2 H 4 Br 2 (1,2-dibromoethane). For the Br K-edge XAS, employing the HERFD mode significantly increases the energy resolution, which demonstrates that with a crystal spectrometer used as detector the absorption technique becomes a more powerful analytical tool. In the case of XES, the experimental results as well as the density functional theory (DFT) modeling both show that the chemical sensitivity of the main 1s diagram emission lines (Kα 1,2 and Kβ 1,3 ) is rather limited. However, the valence-to-core (Kβ 2 ) region of XES displays significant shape and intensity variations, as expected for transitions having the same final states as those of photoemission spectroscopy. The spectra are in good agreement with the molecular orbital description delivered by DFT calculations. Calculations for an extended series of Br compounds confirm that valence-to-core XES can serve as a probe for chemical analysis, and, being a hard X-ray photon-in/photon-out technique, it is particularly well-suited for in situ investigations of molecular transformations, even on the ultrafast time scales down to femtosecond time resolution.

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“…(Seyferth, 2003) Prior to EPA regulation of lead content in gasoline during the early 1970s, approximately 250,000 tons/year of organic lead were added to gasoline in the United States (Giddings, 1973). By 1984, combustion of leaded gasoline was responsible for approximately 90% of all anthropogenic lead emissions.…”

Section: Examples Of Chemicals In Our Lives and Their Regulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Public health decisions: Actions and consequences

Pohl

Jones

Holler

et al. 2014

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology

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The goal of public health is to promote the best possible health for the whole population. Public health issues are numerous and can be unbelievably complex in form, scope, and possible consequence. Most public health decisions involve assessing several different options, weighing the respective benefits and risks of those options, and making difficult decisions that hopefully provide the greatest benefit to the affected populations. Many risk management decisions involve a variety of societal factors which modify risk assessment choices. The purpose of this paper is to point out difficulties in making decisions that impact public health. The intent of such decisions is to improve public health, but as illustrated in the paper, there can be unintended adverse consequences. Such unplanned issues require continued attention and efforts for responsible officials in the protection of environmental public health. This article presents examples of such events, when in the past, it was necessary to assess and regulate a number of potentially hazardous chemicals commonly used as insecticides, gasoline additives, and wood preservatives.

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The Rise and Fall of Tetraethyllead. 2.

Cited by 73 publications

References 61 publications

Assessing geochemical influence of traffic and other vehicle-related activities on heavy metal contamination in urban soils of Kerman city, using a GIS-based approach

Assessing geochemical influence of traffic and other vehicle-related activities on heavy metal contamination in urban soils of Kerman city, using a GIS-based approach

On the sensitivity of hard X-ray spectroscopies to the chemical state of Br

Public health decisions: Actions and consequences

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