The Rise and Decline of Hard Drugs, Drug Markets, and Violence in Inner-City New York

Johnson, Bruce D.; Golub, Andrew; Dunlap, Eloise

doi:10.1017/cbo9780511616167.007

Cited by 95 publications

(122 citation statements)

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“…As the Crack and Heroin Injection Eras continued, each user provided tangible evidence to successive birth cohorts of the drugs' dangers. For many members of the Marijuana/Blunts Generation, especially those in the inner city, use of marijuana and not hard drugs has been an act of personal resilience (Johnson, Golub, & Dunlap, 2000).…”

Section: Issues For Future Drug Surveillance and Ethnographic Fieldworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, use of crack, powder cocaine, and heroin among young persons decreased. Qualitative evidence (Department of Health and Human Services [DHHS], 1999;Johnson, Golub, & Dunlap, 2000) and new data from the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA) presented in this paper indicate that many of American youths have been using marijuana in a blunt, an inexpensive cigar in which the tobacco filler is replaced with marijuana. References to blunts in rap music and on T-shirts provide further evidence of the symbolic importance of this drug consumption practice (Sifaneck, Kaplan, Dunlap, & Johnson, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Projecting and Monitoring the Life Course of the Marijuana/Blunts Generation

Golub¹,

Johnson²,

Dunlap³

et al. 2004

Journal of Drug Issues

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Since the 1990s, marijuana has been the drug of choice among American youths, especially those that tend to sustain arrests. Previous birth cohorts had greater use of crack, powder cocaine, or heroin. This paper summarizes prior research that strongly suggests drug eras tend to follow a regular course. These insights then serve as the basis for projecting trends in marijuana use both for the general population nationwide and for Manhattan arrestees. To the extent that current trends persist, the prospects for the "Marijuana/Blunts Generation" (born 1970 and later) may be relatively good. These young persons may successfully avoid "hard drugs" as well as the attendant health, social, and legal problems for their entire life, but they may experience higher levels of smoking-related ailments. The conclusion presents issues for continued drug surveillance and ethnographic research to more accurately understand the Marijuana/Blunts Era and to provide an indicator of future changes as they occur.

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Section: Issues For Future Drug Surveillance and Ethnographic Fieldworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Projecting and Monitoring the Life Course of the Marijuana/Blunts Generation

Golub¹,

Johnson²,

Dunlap³

et al. 2004

Journal of Drug Issues

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“…As discussed earlier, a number of alternative explanations can be used to explain a drop in crime. As example, the recent book,"The Crime Drop in America" (Blumstein and Wallman, 2000) compiles a variety of explanations for the reductions in crime in the U.S. For example, alternative explanations for drops in crime from this compilation include: changes in drug use patterns (Johnson, Golub and Dunlap, 2000), policing and community policing (Eck and Maguire, 2000), growth in prison expansion (Spelman, 2000), reductions in use of handguns (Blumstein and Wallman, 2000), expanding economy (Grogger, 2000) and changing demographics (Fox, 2000). Obtaining monthly time series data on these alternative explanations is difficult.…”

Section: Changes In Criminal Justice System Of Virginiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Intervention Time Series Analysis of Crime Rates

2003

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The Commonwealth of Virginia abolished parole and reformed sentencing for all felony offenders committed on or after January 1, 1995. We examine the impact of this legislation on reported crime rates using different time series approaches. In particular, structural time series models are considered as an alternative to the Box-Jenkins ARIMA models that form the standard time series approach to intervention analysis. Limited support for the deterrent impact of parole abolition and sentence reform is obtained using univariate modelling devices, even after including unemployment as an explanatory variable.Finally, the flexibility of structural time series models is illustrated by presenting a multivariate analysis that provides some additional evidence of the deterrent impact of the new legislation. Intervention time series analysis of crime rates:the impact of sentence reforms in Virginia AbstractThe Commonwealth of Virginia abolished parole and reformed sentencing for all felony offenders committed on or after January 1, 1995. We examine the impact of this legislation on reported crime rates using different time series approaches. In particular, structural time series models are considered as an alternative to the Box-Jenkins ARIMA models that form the standard time series approach to intervention analysis. Limited support for the deterrent impact of parole abolition and sentence reform is obtained using univariate modelling devices, even after including unemployment as an explanatory variable.Finally, the flexibility of structural time series models is illustrated by presenting a multivariate analysis that provides some additional evidence of the deterrent impact of the new legislation.

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“…The authors have led several extended research projects examining the natural history of major drug eras in the New York City (NYC) metropolitan area including expansion of the Marijuana Era in the 1960s and 1970s (Johnson, 1973), Heroin Injection (Johnson et al, 1985;Johnson and Golub, 2002), Crack (Johnson et al, 1995), Crack distribution (Johnson et al, 2000), and recently Marijuana/Blunts (Golub, 2005;Golub and Johnson, 2006a,b;,Ream et al, 2006. They have recruited a wide variety drug users and identified drug abuse patterns among arrestees and criminals (Golub and Johnson, 1997,2004,2005,2006bJohnson et al, 2006b), impacts of policing upon arrestees (Golub et al, 2003, an analysis of new drug detection technologies (Liberty et al, 2004), estimating hard drug users and sellers (Davis and Johnson, 2000;Davis et al, 2003), an indepth analysis of violence among crack abuser households (Dunlap et al, 1996;Dunlap et al, 2003a,b), and other projects. A variety of research projects have documented similar patterns of illegal distribution in other societies, including Britain (Parker 2000), Italy (Ruggiero 2000), and other western countries (Natarajan and Hough 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The potential for accurately measuring behavioral and economic dimensions of consumption, prices, and markets for illegal drugs

Johnson

Golub

2007

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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There are numerous analytic and methodological limitations to current measures of drug market activity. This paper explores the structure of markets and individual user behavior to provide an integrated understanding of behavioral and economic (and market) aspects of illegal drug use with an aim toward developing improved procedures for measurement. This involves understanding the social processes that structure illegal distribution networks and drug users' interactions with them. These networks are where and how social behaviors, prices, and markets for illegal drugs intersect. Our focus is upon getting an up close measurement of these activities. Building better measures of consumption behaviors necessitates building better rapport with subjects than typically achieved with one-time surveys in order to overcome withholding and underreporting and to get a comprehensive understanding of the processes involved. This can be achieved through repeated interviews and observations of behaviors. This paper also describes analytic advances that could be adopted to direct this inquiry including behavioral templates, and insights into the economic valuation of labor inputs and cash expenditures for various illegal drugs. Additionally, the paper makes recommendations to funding organizations for developing the mechanisms that would support behavioral scientists to weigh specimens and to collect small samples for laboratory analysis-by providing protection from the potential for arrest. The primary focus is upon U.S. markets. The implications for other countries are discussed.

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The Rise and Decline of Hard Drugs, Drug Markets, and Violence in Inner-City New York

Cited by 95 publications

References 0 publications

Projecting and Monitoring the Life Course of the Marijuana/Blunts Generation

Projecting and Monitoring the Life Course of the Marijuana/Blunts Generation

Intervention Time Series Analysis of Crime Rates

The potential for accurately measuring behavioral and economic dimensions of consumption, prices, and markets for illegal drugs

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