The rights and duties of external citizenship

Stakeholder citizenship: the complexities of Polish migrants’ citizenship attachments in the context of the Scottish independence referendum

“…Obtaining voting rights according to Mariusz (as well other participants) required meeting the requirements of long-term residence and the intention to settle in the country of their residence. This justification reflects Bauböck's (2009) biographical subjection criteria that migrants' long-term and intentioned permanent residency result in their individual interests being linked to the common good of the community in which their reside. Our participants' intentions to stay also correspond with Bauböck's dependency criteria for establishing individuals' stakeholdership, where those individuals (and only those) who depend on that community for long-term protection of their basic rights (2009,479) should have access to certain citizenship rights.…”

“…The participants further 'unpacked' the biographical subjection criteria presented by Bauböck (2009) by demonstrating the links with and commitment to their country of residence through their contributions to Scottish society. For example Daniel articulated a number of economic, social and cultural contributions that Polish migrants make in Scotland:…”

“…As such, individuals who have a stake in the political community should have a claim for the citizenship rights including the voting rights in that community. The stakeholder principle proposed by Bauböck (2005Bauböck ( , 2007Bauböck ( , 2009) resolves some of the problems of the over-inclusiveness of the all affected principle, by stressing that not all those 'affected' have individual interests linked to the common good of the political community or have been long-term subjects of the political community. While Bauböck (2009) provides criteria (dependency and biographical subjection) for defining stakeholdership, the understanding of stakeholdership from the perspective of the stakeholders still requires further investigations.…”

“…While Bauböck (2009) argues for voting rights to be an integrated part of citizenship status, Kostakopoulou (2008) proposed replacing citizenship with the civic registration of residents in the area of one's domicile. Kostakopoulou's proposal privileges the principle of jus domicili (rights based on residency) and the reality of residence in determining citizenship rights, including voting rights.…”

“…By examining the normative principles of inclusion in the demos, political scientists have tried to answer the question whether it is possible for the demos to determine its own boundaries through the democratic procedures or application of democratic principles (see : Bauböck 2005: Bauböck , 2009: Bauböck , 2010Beckman 2012). In answering this question, political scientists tend to refer to the 'all affected' principle to articulate that all individuals who are affected and/or are subject to the rules of a government, should also democratically elect their country's leaders.…”