The rhetoric of goodbye: Verbal and nonverbal correlates of human leave‐taking

Knapp, Mark L.; Hart, Roderick P.; Friedrich, Gustav W.; Shulman, Gary M.

doi:10.1080/03637757309375796

Cited by 92 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…Eye contact provides critical information about next steps in the interaction; in the passing back and forth of the proverbial "talking stick" in the course of a conversation, longer gazes are used to convey that a speaker is finishing what they are saying and waiting for someone else to respond (Kendon, 1967;Levine & Sutton-Smith, 1973). Similarly, breaking eye contact has been shown to indicate the end of a social interaction (Knapp, Hart, Friedrich, & Shulman, 1973). These results generalize to other broader settings, such as the classroom.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Measuring the stare-in-the-crowd effect: a new paradigm to study social perception

Crehan

Althoff

2014

Behav Res

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Social perceptual ability plays a key role in successful social functioning. Social interactions demand a number of simultaneous skills, one of which is the detection of self-directed gaze. This study demonstrates how the ability to accurately detect self-directed gaze, called the stare-in-thecrowd effect, can be studied using a new eye-tracking paradigm. A set of images was developed to test this effect using a group of healthy undergraduate students. Eye movements and pupil size were tracked while they viewed these images. Participants also completed behavioral measures about themselves. Results show that self-directed gaze results in significantly more looking by participants. Behavioral predictors of gaze behaviors were not identified, likely given the health of the sample. However, correlations with variables are reported to explore in future research.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Measuring the stare-in-the-crowd effect: a new paradigm to study social perception

Crehan

Althoff

2014

Behav Res

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“…Concomitant use of smiles, head nods, and eyebrow raises occurs in approval-seeking, greeting, and supportive contexts. Such cues are used together to regulate conversational turn-taking, and co-occur cross-culturally (Birdwhistell, 1970;Dittmann & Llewellyn, 1968;Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1972;Rosenfeld, 1966Rosenfeld, , 1972Knapp, Hart, Friedrich, & Schulman, 1973). Given that these cues occur singly and in combination during all phases of an interaction, and that they function as rewards, it is likely that smiles, head nods, and eyebrow raises affect the level of interpersonal attraction between interactants.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 96%

The effects of facial‐head cue combinations on interpersonal evaluations

Woodall

Burgoon

Markel

1980

Communication Quarterly

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“…A time sample would allow testing for possible development in confirmation over time: although durations involved were brief (the longest was 25.6 minutes), it was considered worth while to test the effect of time on confirmation. A sample consisting of one minute after the beginning (to allow initial social ritual conversation), one from the middle, and one minute before the conclusion (to allow time for leave taking) was seen as appropriate (Knapp et al, 1973). A correlation was computed between average confirmation per minute for the interaction and the average per minute for the three minute sample.…”

Section: Unit Of Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%