The Rewarded, the Unrewarded, the Chosen, and the Unchosen

Leary, Robert W.

doi:10.2466/pr0.1956.2.3.91

Cited by 32 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The C-D trials seem very much like partially reinforced PA trials (give that C is nonreinforced in the B-C pair) that occur in the context of D-E, which resembles an NA trial. Leary (1956Leary ( , 1958 appeared to have anticipated value transfer in his early studies of ambiguous-cue performance by monkeys. He found that choice of the rewarded object on the first trial of a discrimination task induced a preference for the S object relative to a novel object, and that this was not simply a familiarity effect.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Value transfer contributes to ambiguous-cue discrimination learning

Urcuioli

Michalek

2007

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

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Pigeons learned two concurrent simultaneous discriminations in which the S for one served as the S for the other. When all correct choices were reinforced, accuracy on the former (positive vs. ambiguous-cue or PA) discrimination was lower than on the latter (negative vs. ambiguous-cue or NA) discrimination. When correct choices on the PA discrimination were intermittently reinforced, however, pigeons chose the S more often than the S on those trials. By contrast, intermittently reinforcing correct choices on the NA discrimination did not affect NA-trial accuracy but yielded higher PA-trial accuracy relative to continuous reinforcement. Together with a separate preference assessment, these results indicate that value transfer, in which some of the positive value accrued by an S transfers to its companion S , contributes to ambiguous-cue performances.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Value transfer contributes to ambiguous-cue discrimination learning

Urcuioli

Michalek

2007

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

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“…That is, the associative processes linking responses to cue values that signal reward and to those that signal nonreward are not equivalent. Indeed, learning which cue values signal reward is virtually all that is learned: very little aversiveness (often the opposite) accrues to the negative stimulus (see also Leary, 1956: Behar, 1962. From this argument, given the very rapid learning that occurred and assuming that both color and form analyzers are at asymptote, the animal first identifies the cue value that signals reward.…”

Section: Positivementioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of rhesus monkeys on two-cue problems with cues separated

Behar

1974

Animal Learning & Behavior

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Relative performance on color and form dimensions during acquisition of two-cue problems by learning-set-sophisticated rhesus monkeys was evaluated with differential reinforcement. Six animals received 24 two-choice problems, each generated from three planometric stimuli: a reference stimulus, an alternate stimulus identical in color bu t differing in form, and one identical in form but differing in color. The reference stimulus appeared on every trial of a problem and was paired with one or the other alternate on a given trial. On half of the problems, the reference stimulus was positive and on the remainder was negative. Acquisition was nearly equivalent on both cue dimensions with positive reference stimuli, but only one dimension was learned with negative reference stimuli. Results were interpreted as unfavorable to attention theory.

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“…However, even in sophisticated monkeys, avoidance of the negative stimulus is absent unless the animal has actually responded to it (Behar, 1962;leary, 1956). The negative stimulus which has not been responded to, when paired with a neutral stimulus, is preferred at levels well above chance expectation.…”

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confidence: 99%

The effect of differential overtraining of the positive and negative stimulus on the aversiveness of the negative stimulus

Behar

1974

Bull. Psychon. Soc.

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CS-onlv extinction trials following the peak acquisition condit;on~d GSR extinguish~d in an av~rage of 42 trials. while Schramm & Kimmel (1970) obtained an average of 44 trials under th" sam~ conditions-If the 16 unpaired ess and ues, of the present paired-unpaired controls are assumed to be the approximate equh'a!ent of 16 extinction trials. then these Ss reached the nonrespons(' criterion in a total of 18.6 trials (i.e .. 16 plus 2.6). still substantially less than the \'alues obtained in the standard CS-only ~xtinction condition.(Received for publkation NO\'~l1Ib~r 5.1973.) The effect of differential overtraining of the positive and negative stinlulus on the aversiveness of the negative stinlulus ISAAC BEHAR * United States Anny Medical Research Laboratory. Fort Knox. Kennlcky 40121Six discrimination-sophisticated monkeys were trained on 18 problems, each of which contained intermixed trials on two discriminations. In six problems, the ratio of trials of the two discriminations was 4 to 1. Following training, a single test trial was given, which consisted of choice between the more trained (MT) and less trained (L T) negative stimuli. No consistent preference for either stimulus was demonstrated. In the remaining problems, either the negative or positive stimulus of one discrimination was overtrained. In the former condition, on test trials, the LT negative stimuli were preferred, while in the latter, the MT negative stimuli were preferred. These results could be accounted for by the relative frequency during training of nonrewarded responses to the MT and LT negative stimuli.

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The Rewarded, the Unrewarded, the Chosen, and the Unchosen

Cited by 32 publications

References 6 publications

Value transfer contributes to ambiguous-cue discrimination learning

Value transfer contributes to ambiguous-cue discrimination learning

Performance of rhesus monkeys on two-cue problems with cues separated

The effect of differential overtraining of the positive and negative stimulus on the aversiveness of the negative stimulus

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