The Reward-Based Eating Drive Scale: A Self-Report Index of Reward-Based Eating

Epel, Elissa S.; Tomiyama, A. Janet; Mason, Ashley E.; Laraia, Barbara A.; Hartman, William; Ready, Karen; Acree, Michael; Adam, Tanja C.; Jeor, Sachiko St.; Kessler, David A.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0101350

Cited by 73 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Obese individuals also tended to self-report sensitivity to punishment to a greater extent than normal-weight individuals. Other studies also show higher rates of eating due to emotional distress in obesity747484950 as well as positive correlations between food-related reward behavior and BMI26515253. However, our results contrast with a previous study that showed an inverse relationship between BMI and non-food reward behavior in obese people54.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 95%

Emotional Eating Phenotype is Associated with Central Dopamine D2 Receptor Binding Independent of Body Mass Index

Eisenstein

Bischoff

Gredysa

et al. 2015

Sci Rep

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PET studies have provided mixed evidence regarding central D2/D3 dopamine receptor binding and its relationship with obesity as measured by body mass index (BMI). Other aspects of obesity may be more tightly coupled to the dopaminergic system. We characterized obesity-associated behaviors and determined if these related to central D2 receptor (D2R) specific binding independent of BMI. Twenty-two obese and 17 normal-weight participants completed eating- and reward-related questionnaires and underwent PET scans using the D2R-selective and nondisplaceable radioligand (N-[11C]methyl)benperidol. Questionnaires were grouped by domain (eating related to emotion, eating related to reward, non-eating behavior motivated by reward or sensitivity to punishment). Normalized, summed scores for each domain were compared between obese and normal-weight groups and correlated with striatal and midbrain D2R binding. Compared to normal-weight individuals, the obese group self-reported higher rates of eating related to both emotion and reward (p < 0.001), greater sensitivity to punishment (p = 0.06), and lower non-food reward behavior (p < 0.01). Across normal-weight and obese participants, self-reported emotional eating and non-food reward behavior positively correlated with striatal (p < 0.05) and midbrain (p < 0.05) D2R binding, respectively. In conclusion, an emotional eating phenotype may reflect altered central D2R function better than other commonly used obesity-related measures such as BMI.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 95%

Emotional Eating Phenotype is Associated with Central Dopamine D2 Receptor Binding Independent of Body Mass Index

Eisenstein

Bischoff

Gredysa

et al. 2015

Sci Rep

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“…The 9-item Reward-based Eating Drive (RED) scale (Epel et al, 2014) assesses three dimensions of the hedonic drive to eat: 1) loss of control, 2) lack of satiety, and 3) preoccupation with food. It contains 2 items from the Binge Eating Scale (BES; (Gormally, Black, Daston, & Rardin, 1982), 4 items from the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ; Stunkard & Messick, 1985), and 3 original items.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such foods possess pharmacokinetic properties that powerfully activate reward neurocircuitry (Gearhardt et al, 2011). Many individuals with obesity report reward-driven eating, which is characterized by a loss of control over one’s eating, a lack of satiety, and a preoccupation with food (Epel et al, 2014). Reward-driven eating echoes the hallmarks of addictive behaviors, such as intense cravings and an inability to stop overeating despite best intentions and negative consequences.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced reward-driven eating accounts for the impact of a mindfulness-based diet and exercise intervention on weight loss: Data from the SHINE randomized controlled trial

Mason¹,

Epel²,

Aschbacher³

et al. 2016

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Many individuals with obesity report overeating despite intentions to maintain or lose weight. Two barriers to long-term weight loss are reward-driven eating, which is characterized by a lack of control over eating, a preoccupation with food, and a lack of satiety; and psychological stress. Mindfulness training may address these barriers by promoting awareness of hunger and satiety cues, self-regulatory control, and stress reduction. We examined these two barriers as potential mediators of weight loss in the Supporting Health by Integrating Nutrition and Exercise (SHINE) randomized controlled trial, which compared the effects of a 5.5-month diet and exercise intervention with or without mindfulness training on weight loss among adults with obesity. Intention-to-treat multiple mediation models tested whether post-intervention reward-driven eating and psychological stress mediated the impact of intervention arm on weight loss at 12-and 18-months post-baseline among 194 adults with obesity (BMI: 30–45). Mindfulness (relative to control) participants had significant reductions in reward-driven eating at 6 months (post-intervention), which, in turn, predicted weight loss at 12 months. Post-intervention reward-driven eating mediated 47.1% of the total intervention arm effect on weight loss at 12 months [β=-0.06, SE(β)=0.03, p=.030, 95% CI (−0.12, −0.01)]. This mediated effect was reduced when predicting weight loss at 18 months (p=.396), accounting for 23.0% of the total intervention effect, despite similar weight loss at 12 months. Psychological stress did not mediate the effect of intervention arm on weight loss at 12 or 18 months. In conclusion, reducing reward-driven eating, which can be achieved using a diet and exercise intervention that includes mindfulness training, may promote weight loss (clinicaltrials.gov registration: NCT00960414).

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“…Participants completed 9 items that comprise the recently validated Reward-based Eating Drive (RED) scale (Epel et al, 2014). Of these, 2 items were taken from the Binge Eating Scale (BES; Gormally et al, 1982), 4 items from the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ; Stunkard & Messick, 1985), and 3 items were developed for this scale.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We examined associations between naltrexone-induced cortisol and nausea responses and self-report measures of eating behavior. We extended these analyses by including validated self-report measures of hedonic eating, including food addiction symptoms (Gearhardt, Corbin, & Brownell, 2009) and reward-based eating drive (Epel et al, 2014). We also examined whether naltrexone-induced nausea and cortisol responses predicted treatment response to weight loss intervention with or without mindfulness training by examining 6-month change in weight and self-report measures of eating behavior.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute responses to opioidergic blockade as a biomarker of hedonic eating among obese women enrolled in a mindfulness-based weight loss intervention trial

et al. 2015

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There are currently no commonly used or easily accessible ‘biomarkers’ of hedonic eating. Physiologic responses to acute opioidergic blockade, indexed by cortisol changes and nausea, may represent indirect functional measures of opioid-mediated hedonic eating drive and predict weight loss following a mindfulness-based intervention for stress eating. In the current study, we tested whether cortisol and nausea responses induced by oral ingestion of an opioidergic antagonist (naltrexone) correlated with weight and self-report measures of hedonic eating and predicted changes in these measures following a mindfulness-based weight loss intervention. Obese women (N=88; age=46.7±13.2 years; BMI=35.8±3.8) elected to complete an optional sub-study prior to a 5.5-month weight loss intervention with or without mindfulness training. On two separate days, participants ingested naltrexone and placebo pills, collected saliva samples, and reported nausea levels. Supporting previous findings, naltrexone-induced cortisol increases were associated with greater hedonic eating (greater food addiction symptoms and reward-driven eating) and less mindful eating. Among participants with larger cortisol increases (+1 SD above mean), mindfulness participants (relative to control participants) reported greater reductions in food addiction symptoms, b=−0.95, SE(b=0.40, 95% CI [−1.74, −0.15], p=.021. Naltrexone-induced nausea was marginally associated with reward-based eating. Among participants who endorsed naltrexone-induced nausea (n=38), mindfulness participants (relative to control participants) reported greater reductions in food addiction symptoms, b=−1.00, 95% CI [−1.85, −0.77], p=.024, and trended toward reduced reward-based eating, binge eating, and weight, post-intervention. Single assessments of naltrexone-induced cortisol increases and nausea responses may be useful time- and cost-effective biological markers to identify obese individuals with greater opioid-mediated hedonic eating drive who may benefit from weight loss interventions with adjuvant mindfulness training that targets hedonic eating.

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The Reward-Based Eating Drive Scale: A Self-Report Index of Reward-Based Eating

Cited by 73 publications

References 55 publications

Emotional Eating Phenotype is Associated with Central Dopamine D2 Receptor Binding Independent of Body Mass Index

Emotional Eating Phenotype is Associated with Central Dopamine D2 Receptor Binding Independent of Body Mass Index

Reduced reward-driven eating accounts for the impact of a mindfulness-based diet and exercise intervention on weight loss: Data from the SHINE randomized controlled trial

Acute responses to opioidergic blockade as a biomarker of hedonic eating among obese women enrolled in a mindfulness-based weight loss intervention trial

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