The Revival of the Battle between David and Goliath in the Enteric Viruses and Microbiota Struggle: Potential Implication for Celiac Disease

Lerner, Aaron; Ramesh, Ajay; Tenbusch, Matthias

doi:10.3390/microorganisms7060173

Cited by 16 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…Historically, viruses have been viewed as threatening because they were best known for causing disease. While their full role in human health is still mostly unknown [26,27], we are beginning to understand the associations between the enteric and respiratory virome and acute and chronic human diseases [27][28][29][30], and a recent study showed that bacteriophages modulate bacteria communities in the gut [31]. The majority of viruses and virusderived genetic elements appear to be benign; some may even be essential for good health if the hygiene hypothesis [32] applies to viruses as well as bacteria.…”

Section: Healthy Viromementioning

confidence: 99%

Viruses in the Built Environment (VIBE) meeting report

et al. 2020

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Background: During a period of rapid growth in our understanding of the microbiology of the built environment in recent years, the majority of research has focused on bacteria and fungi. Viruses, while probably as numerous, have received less attention. In response, the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation supported a workshop entitled "Viruses in the Built Environment (VIBE)," at which experts in environmental engineering, environmental microbiology, epidemiology, infection prevention, fluid dynamics, occupational health, metagenomics, and virology convened to synthesize recent advances and identify key research questions and knowledge gaps regarding viruses in the built environment. Results: Four primary research areas and funding priorities were identified. First, a better understanding of viral communities in the built environment is needed, specifically which viruses are present and their sources, spatial and temporal dynamics, and interactions with bacteria. Second, more information is needed about viruses and health, including viral transmission in the built environment, the relationship between virus detection and exposure, and the definition of a healthy virome. The third research priority is to identify and evaluate interventions for controlling viruses and the virome in the built environment. This encompasses interactions among viruses, buildings, and occupants. Finally, to overcome the challenge of working with viruses, workshop participants emphasized that improved sampling methods, laboratory techniques, and bioinformatics approaches are needed to advance understanding of viruses in the built environment. Conclusions: We hope that identifying these key questions and knowledge gaps will engage other investigators and funding agencies to spur future research on the highly interdisciplinary topic of viruses in the built environment. There are numerous opportunities to advance knowledge, as many topics remain underexplored compared to our understanding of bacteria and fungi.

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Section: Healthy Viromementioning

confidence: 99%

Viruses in the Built Environment (VIBE) meeting report

et al. 2020

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“…The human microbiome has come to be known as a key player in the modulation of its host's immunity and thought to take part in the pathogenesis of various chronic diseases and autoimmune conditions. The virome however, which includes the gastrointestinal presence of viruses and their interaction with the host have been less explored and only recently data has been emerging regarding intestinal luminal viruses and bacteriophages [ 51 ]. The mechanism by which viruses interact with the host is via penetration and integration of their genetic material into the host genome [ 52 ].…”

Section: Interactions Between Viruses and The Human Gutmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autoimmunity and COVID-19 – The microbiotal connection

Katz-Agranov

Zandman‐Goddard

2021

Autoimmunity Reviews

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Background and aims The novel SARS-CoV-2 has been rattling the world since its outbreak in December 2019, leading to the COVID-19 pandemic. The learning curve of this new virus has been steep, with a global scientific community desperate to learn how the virus is transmitted, how it replicates, what cause such a wide spectrum of disease manifestations, causing none or few symptoms in some. Others are burdened by an intense immune response that resembles the cytokine storm syndrome (CSS), which leads to severe disease manifestations, often complicated by fatal acute respiratory distress syndrome and death. Research efforts have been focusing on finding effective cures and vaccinations for this virus. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, represented by several GI manifestations, has led to its investigation as a target for the virus and as an indicator of disease severity. The response of the microbiome (which is heavily linked to immunity) to the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus, and its role in igniting the exaggerated immune response has therefore become a focus of interest. The objective of our study was to gather the data connecting between the microbiome, the GI tract and COVID-19 and to investigate whether these reported alterations in the gut microbiome bear any resemblance to those seen in lupus, the prototypical autoimmune disease. Confirming such changes may become the steppingstone to potential therapies that may prevent transmission, progression and immune related manifestations of COVID-19, via manipulation of the gut microbiota. Methods We performed an extensive literature review, utilizing the Pubmed search engine and Google Scholar for studies evaluating the microbiome in COVID-19 patients and compared results with studies evaluating the microbiome in lupus. We searched for the terms: microbiome, dysbiosis, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, gastrointestinal as well as lupus and autoimmune. While there were hundreds of articles which referred to gastrointestinal manifestations in COVID-19, to date only 4 studies investigated the gastrointestinal microbiome in this setting. We compared the similarities between microbiome of COVID-19 patients and lupus patients. Results We found that there are several similar processes of immune dysregulation in patients with COVID-19 and in those with lupus, with several other alterations seen in other pathological states. Some of these similarities include loss of microbiota biodiversity, increased representation of pathobionts, which are microbes associated with inflammation and disease (i.e Proteobacteria) and a relative decrease of symbionts, which are protective microbes, associated with anti-inflammatory properties (i.e Lactobacillus). Compromise to the intestinal barrier has also been reported in both. Conclusions We conclude that the gastrointestinal tract contributes to the disease manifestations in COVID-19. Whether gastrointestinal dysb...

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“…The extra-and intra-luminal sources of mTG were summarized recently [7,[12][13][14]. Table 1 updates those sources, adding "viral transglutaminase" [15][16][17][18]. Interestingly, when studying the amino acid sequences of the recently described prevotella-specific megaphages, a transglutaminase-like sequence was found in human and several animal stool samples when aligned with mTG amino acid sequence (Ramesh Ajay unpublished personal communications) [19].…”

Section: Enteric Luminal Sources Of Microbial Transglutaminasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Microbiome [7,[12][13][14]24,25] Dysbiome [7,[12][13][14]24,25] Yeasts [34][35][36] Fungi [37,38] Viruses [15][16][17][18]…”

Section: Intra-intestinalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Processed Food Additive Microbial Transglutaminase and Its Cross-Linked Gliadin Complexes Are Potential Public Health Concerns in Celiac Disease

Lerner¹,

Tenbusch²

2020

IJMS

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Microbial transglutaminase (mTG) is a survival factor for microbes, but yeasts, fungi, and plants also produce transglutaminase. mTG is a cross-linker that is heavily consumed as a protein glue in multiple processed food industries. According to the manufacturers' claims, microbial transglutaminase and its cross-linked products are safe, i.e., nonallergenic, nonimmunogenic, and nonpathogenic. The regulatory authorities declare it as "generally recognized as safe" for public users. However, scientific observations are accumulating concerning its undesirable effects on human health. Functionally, mTG imitates its family member, tissue transglutaminase, which is the autoantigen of celiac disease. Both these transglutaminases mediate cross-linked complexes, which are immunogenic in celiac patients. The enzyme enhances intestinal permeability, suppresses mechanical (mucus) and immunological (anti phagocytic) enteric protective barriers, stimulates luminal bacterial growth, and augments the uptake of gliadin peptide. mTG and gliadin molecules are cotranscytosed through the enterocytes and deposited subepithelially. Moreover, mucosal dendritic cell surface transglutaminase induces gliadin endocytosis, and the enzyme-treated wheat products are immunoreactive in CD patients. The present review summarizes and updates the potentially detrimental effects of mTG, aiming to stimulate scientific and regulatory debates on its safety, to protect the public from the enzyme's unwanted effects.

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The Revival of the Battle between David and Goliath in the Enteric Viruses and Microbiota Struggle: Potential Implication for Celiac Disease

Cited by 16 publications

References 88 publications

Viruses in the Built Environment (VIBE) meeting report

Viruses in the Built Environment (VIBE) meeting report

Autoimmunity and COVID-19 – The microbiotal connection

Processed Food Additive Microbial Transglutaminase and Its Cross-Linked Gliadin Complexes Are Potential Public Health Concerns in Celiac Disease

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