The Return of Ozone and the Hydroxyl Radical to Wastewater Disinfection

Burns, Nick; Hunter, Gary; Jackman, Amanda; Hulsey, Bob; Coughenour, Jim; Walz, Thomas

doi:10.1080/01919510701463206

Cited by 19 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…9 A majority of nitrosamine research has focused on its formation from chloramination. Given its efficacy in oxidizing a wide variety of trace organic contaminants [16][17][18][19] and inactivating disinfectantresistant microorganisms, [20][21][22][23][24] ozone is becoming increasingly popular in water reuse applications. [10][11][12][13][14][15] Nitrosamine formation during ozonation is generally limited to NDMA at relatively low concentrations (<25 ng L −1 ), but there are water matrices in which NDMA formation can exceed 100 ng L −1 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of molecular ozone and hydroxyl radical on formation of N-nitrosamines and perfluoroalkyl acids during ozonation of treated wastewaters

Pisarenko

Marti

Gerrity

et al. 2015

Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol.

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N-Nitrosamines-toxic disinfection byproducts commonly associated with chloramination-have recently been shown to increase after ozonation of some surface waters and treated wastewaters. In addition to five nitrosamines, two perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are included in the most recent U.S. EPA Contaminant Candidate List due to potential public health risks. In this manuscript, the potential roles of molecular ozone (O 3 ) and hydroxyl radical (˙OH) were investigated in the formation of N-nitrosamines and PFAAs in treated wastewaters. The results herein are based on controlled bench-scale experiments designed to isolate the effects of O 3 with the use of t-butanol as a˙OH scavenger. Nitrous oxide gas saturated samples were exposed to gamma radiation to isolate the effects of˙OH, and para-chlorobenzoic acid was used to assess˙OH exposure. This study found that the presence of molecular ozone versus the hydroxyl radical promoted N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation. Six other N-nitrosamines showed very little or no formation upon the ozonation of six treated wastewaters up to an O 3 : TOC ratio of 1.0. For PFAAs, perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) formed the highest and most consistently upon ozonation (up to an O 3 : TOC ratio of 2.0) of the same six treated wastewaters. Presence of molecular ozone (more so than hydroxyl radical), appears to promote the formation of PFHxA and perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS). The effect of pH in the range of 6-8 upon the formation of NDMA and PFAAs was found to be minimal. These findings provide new understanding of the formation of oxidation byproducts during ozonation of reclaimed wastewaters. Depending on future regulatory determinations, NDMA and a few PFAAs could be of concern for potable reuse treatment systems that employ ozone.Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol. This journal is

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of molecular ozone and hydroxyl radical on formation of N-nitrosamines and perfluoroalkyl acids during ozonation of treated wastewaters

Pisarenko

Marti

Gerrity

et al. 2015

Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol.

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“…Studies specifically addressing the efficacy of ozone for TOrC elimination, reductions in estrogenicity, and the effects on toxicity have also been performed in pilot-and full-scale systems (Huber et al, 2005;Hollender et al, 2009;Wert et al, 2009a;Stalter et al, 2010aStalter et al, , 2010bGerrity et al, 2011a;Gerrity and Snyder, 2011;Zimmermann et al, 2011). Ozone is also effective for the inactivation of a wide range of microbial indicators and pathogens (Driedger et al, 2001;Burns et al, 2007;Gerrity et al, 2011a). This demonstrated efficacy for TOrC mitigation and disinfection has established ozone as a viable option for wastewater treatment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of surrogate correlation models to predict trace organic contaminant oxidation and microbial inactivation during ozonation

et al. 2012

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a b s t r a c tThe performance of ozonation in wastewater depends on water quality and the ability to form hydroxyl radicals ( OH) to meet disinfection or contaminant transformation objectives. Since there are no on-line methods to assess ozone and OH exposure in wastewater, many agencies are now embracing indicator frameworks and surrogate monitoring for regulatory compliance. Two of the most promising surrogate parameters for ozone-based treatment of secondary and tertiary wastewater effluents are differential UV 254 absorbance

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“…Xu et al (2002) suggested that the transferred ozone dose is the critical parameter in ozonation of wastewater compared with the Ct values for natural waters. Burns et al (2007) reported on ozone doses required for virus inactivation in wastewater, where an applied ozone dose of 3, 5, and 8 mg/L resulted in an ozone concentration after 30 s of < 0.1, 0.6, and 2.5 mg/L, respectively. They concluded that a 5 mg/L transferred ozone dose (equivalent to a Ct = 0.5 (mg/L)-min) was capable of achieving a 6-log virus inactivation credit.…”

Section: Inactivation Of Pathogenic Viruses By Ozonementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Numerous studies have exhibited the complexities of determining a clear ozone CT value in wastewaters for reporting dose response of microorganisms (e.g., Xu et al, 2002;Tanner et al, 2004;Burns et al, 2007;Ishida et al, 2008), thus many of these results are not universally transferrable to other studies. To determine the effect of ozone demand by wastewater, we compared the inactivation of E. coli in PBS and wastewater in Figure 5.…”

Section: Ozone Inactivation Of Surrogates and Pathogenic Viruses In Wmentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishing Surrogate–Virus Relationships for Ozone Disinfection of Wastewater

SigmonCole¹,

ShinGwy-Am²,

MieogJohn³

et al. 2015

Environmental Engineering Science

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Safe reuse of wastewater requires high levels of pathogen inactivation. Ozone is a very effective disinfectant for viruses and has distinct benefits over other forms of disinfectants, in that it increases the clarity of water and can oxidize some chemical contaminants in water. However, because of the combination of high ozone demand of most wastewaters and rapid reaction with viruses, determination of ozone dose in wastewater and recycled water treatment is not well defined. While various surrogates are used as indicator organisms for human pathogenic viruses in water reuse practice, much less is known about the relationship between surrogates and human pathogenic viruses for ozone disinfection in wastewater. In this study, the ozone inactivation dose response of several surrogates (Escherichia coli, coliphage T1, T4, PRD-1, FX174, and MS2) and human pathogenic viruses (poliovirus 1, echovirus 11, coxsackievirus B5, and adenovirus 2) were compared for the first time in secondary effluent wastewater. A unique reduction equivalent dose method was proposed to compare the inactivation of the microorganisms studied across waters with varying ozone demand. Inactivation of all viruses and surrogates studied was greater than 4 log at ozone Ct levels of less than 1 (mg/L)-min. E. coli and PRD-1 were identified as conservative surrogates for indicating inactivation of human pathogenic viruses in ozone disinfection of wastewater, providing a tool for practitioners and regulators to confidently accept ozonation systems for virus inactivation in wastewater reuse.

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The Return of Ozone and the Hydroxyl Radical to Wastewater Disinfection

Cited by 19 publications

References 1 publication

Effects of molecular ozone and hydroxyl radical on formation of N-nitrosamines and perfluoroalkyl acids during ozonation of treated wastewaters

Effects of molecular ozone and hydroxyl radical on formation of N-nitrosamines and perfluoroalkyl acids during ozonation of treated wastewaters

Development of surrogate correlation models to predict trace organic contaminant oxidation and microbial inactivation during ozonation

Establishing Surrogate–Virus Relationships for Ozone Disinfection of Wastewater

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