The retromolar canals and foramina: radiographic observation and application to oral surgery

Kikuta, Shogo; Iwanaga, Joe; Nakamura, Ken; Hino, Kiyosato; Nakamura, Moriyoshi; Kusukawa, Jingo

doi:10.1007/s00276-018-2005-5

Cited by 41 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…In studies by other authors, RMC was observed in 13/50 patients (26%), with confirmed double RMC [14] in 3.4% [10] and 23% [23] of cases, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

“…3). Other authors also concluded that type B1 is the most common type of RMC found in 66.7% of cases, compared to type A1 -26.7 [14]. Other studies, however, point to type A1 as the most dominant (41.9%), followed by B1 -29%, A1 -16.1%, B2 -12.9% [25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…They distinguished two subtypes of type A and B canals, mainly 1) without an additional mandibular canal, and 2) with an additional mandibular canal. Von Arx's classification [25] is the most popular system among researchers, who adopted it in their studies [14].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A morphological study of retromolar foramen and retromolar canal of modern and medieval population

Komarnitki

Mańkowska-Pliszka

Roszkiewicz³

et al. 2020

Folia Morphol

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“…In studies by other authors, RMC was observed in 13/50 patients (26%), with confirmed double RMC [14] in 3.4% [10] and 23% [23] of cases, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

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A morphological study of retromolar foramen and retromolar canal of modern and medieval population

Komarnitki

Mańkowska-Pliszka

Roszkiewicz³

et al. 2020

Folia Morphol

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“…Previous studies of clinical cases using CBCT images have shown that the prevalence of retromolar canals (RMCs) ranges from 8.5% to 75.4%. However, cadaveric studies have reported a prevalence ranging from 8.3% to 52.0% using CBCT images, and 8.0% to 40.4% with microscopy (Kikuta et al ). The RMC's average diameter was 1.58 mm (range, 1.13–2.24 mm) (Kuribayashi et al ; Senthil Kumar and Kesavi ; Han and Hwang ; Muinelo‐Lorenzo et al ; Capote et al ; Sisman et al ; Motamedi et al ).…”

Section: Literature Review and Suggestions For Risk Assessment Of Injurymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mandible's anatomical variations, for example, those in the accessory mental, lingual, retromolar, and accessory mandibular foramina, and double mandibular canal (Das and Suri ; Rouas et al ; Imada et al ; Iwanaga et al ; He et al ; Kikuta et al ) can lead to unexpected surgical complications when they are overlooked in preoperative diagnosis, the most common of which in clinical dentistry are hemorrhage and paresthesias. For more than a decade, a number of anatomical, radiological, and clinical studies have shown the potential complications caused by such variants' injury that are not always symptomatic, although some may cause symptoms as well as major disorders.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Risk Assessment of Major Anatomical Variations in Clinical Dentistry

et al. 2019

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Most of the studies of the mandible's anatomical variations have presented the authors' speculations, and only a limited number has provided evidence that demonstrated the actual complications injury to the variant structures caused. To our knowledge, no study has evaluated the risks associated with these variant anatomical structures' injury. We reviewed articles that described clinical cases of the injury to, and anatomical studies of, three anatomical variants of the mandible—the accessory mental, lingual, and retromolar foramina—with which dentists are relatively familiar and that are mentioned often in the context of implant and third molar surgeries, to describe risk assessment methods with which to evaluate potential complications preoperatively. Only a limited number of the clinical reports of injury to the mandible's accessory foramina were available. The potential severe complication of injury of the accessory mental foramen (AMF) is sensory disturbance of the lower lip. Risk of neurosensory disturbance of lower lip can be assessed by AMF/MF ratio and positional relations to the MF. Potential severe complication of injury of the lingual foramen is bleeding and hemorrhage in the oral cavity's floor. Risk of bleeding can be assessed by diameter and positional relation between the mental spine/mylohyoid line. A risk assessment of the retromolar foramen could not be made because of inadequate data. We hope the risk assessments suggested will encourage dentists to predict intraoperative/postoperative complications caused by damaging the mandible's accessory foramina. Clin. Anat. 32:672–677, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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The clinical significance of the retromolar canal and foramen in dentistry

Ngeow

Chai

2020

Clinical Anatomy

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The mandibular canal is nowadays acknowledged as a major trunk with multiple smaller branches running roughly parallel to it. Most of these accessory canals contain branches of the inferior alveolar neurovascular bundle that supplies the dentition, jawbone, and soft tissue around the gingiva and lower lip. This article reviews the prevalence, classification and morphometric measurements of the retromolar canal and its aperture. A retromolar canal is a bifid variation of the mandibular canal that divides from above this main canal, and travels anterosuperiorly within the bone to exit via a single foramen or multiple foramina into the retromolar fossa. This foramen, termed the retromolar foramen, allows accessory branches of the inferior alveolar neurovascular bundles to supply tissues at the retromolar trigone. Clinically, it is of the utmost importance to determine the exact location of the mandibular canal and to identify its retromolar accessory branches when surgery in the posterior mandible is to be performed.

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The retromolar canals and foramina: radiographic observation and application to oral surgery

Abstract: Hypoesthesia of the buccal gingiva in the lower molar region may be the main complication when the RMC is damaged.

Cited by 41 publications

References 20 publications

A morphological study of retromolar foramen and retromolar canal of modern and medieval population

A morphological study of retromolar foramen and retromolar canal of modern and medieval population

Review of Risk Assessment of Major Anatomical Variations in Clinical Dentistry

The clinical significance of the retromolar canal and foramen in dentistry

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