The Retreat of the Elephants

Elvin, Mark

doi:10.12987/9780300133530

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…One step toward better standardization of ECT practice is the collection of national data on side effects by the creation of national ECT registries, as we have seen in Sweden since 2011 49–51 and in Australia with the Clinical Alliance and Research in Electroconvulsive therapy initiative 52 . Such a registry is also planned in Quebec, Canada, to improve our knowledge on ECT practice at a population level.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Practices of Electroconvulsive Therapy in Mental Disorders

Landry¹,

Moreno²,

Patry³

et al. 2020

J ECT

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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) remains one of the most effective treatments for major depressive disorder, but uncertainties persist regarding the cognitive tests to include in ECT follow-up. The current study is a systematic review and meta-analysis of the most frequent cognitive side effects after ECT. We also discuss the most common cognitive tests in ECT follow-up. We searched studies published from 2000 to 2017 in English and French language in Pubmed, EBM Reviews, EMBASE, and PsycINFO. Standardized cognitive tests were separated into 11 cognitive domains. Comparisons between cognitive measures included pre-ECT baseline with post-ECT measures at 3 times: PO1, immediately post-ECT (within 24 hours after last ECT); PO2, short term (1-28 days); and PO3, long term (more than 1 month). A total of 91 studies were included, with an aggregated sample of 3762 individuals. We found no significant changes in global cognition with Mini-Mental State Examination at PO1. Hedges g revealed small to medium effect sizes at PO2, with individuals presenting a decrease in autobiographical memory, verbal fluency, and verbal memory. Verbal fluency problems showed an inverse correlation with age, with younger adults showing greater deficits. At PO3, there is an improvement on almost all cognitive domains, including verbal fluency and verbal memory. There is a lack of standardization in the choice of cognitive tests and optimal cognitive timing. The Mini-Mental State Examination is the most common screening test used in ECT, but its clinical utility is extremely limited to track post-ECT cognitive changes. Cognitive assessment for ECT purposes should include autobiographical memory, verbal fluency, and verbal memory.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Practices of Electroconvulsive Therapy in Mental Disorders

Landry¹,

Moreno²,

Patry³

et al. 2020

J ECT

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“…Ink (and blood) has been spilled over the issue of the reason for the rise of the west and we have added meat centrality to previous arguments relevant to all empire building and as advice to their builders [111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120][121][122]. Poor cooperation between agricultural empires, such as the Roman and the Ming empires (who decried milk and its products in an anti-Mongol gesture except in Zhangua province that fared better), and their "barbarian" pastoralist neighbours has been implicated in their falls (perhaps answering Needham's puzzle in the case of China as to why they were overtaken) [123,124]. Similar issues have emerged for the Ottoman and Mughal empires with lack of animal fodder or exhausted irrigation systems and ecocides leading to "high equilibrium traps and inadvertent selection for quantity rather than quality population growth in low meat economies [125][126][127].…”

Section: The West Then the Rest: Meat As Propellant More Circumstanti...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Pellagra: Down Not Out If Down and Out (and South) – Part 2

Williams¹,

Wood²,

Hill³

2024

Vitamin B and Vitamin E - Pleiotropic and Nutritional Benefits

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North-South variation in the supply of meat has always been present. Sharing of meat was the rule but in the multi-centric Neolithic revolution when domestication of animals and plants co-evolved class differences became pronounced-aristocrats and inferior proletariats and “lesser breeds and lower orders” started to form. The distribution of natural domesticates was uneven with the near-east and a temperate band across Europe well off compared with Africa and the Americas. The Columbian exchange changed this as meat became abundant in the New World who then exported to Europe. Wars, expropriations and genocides were over the meat supply and acquiring pastureland or water. Colonial plantation profits paid for meat imports from “settler colonies” indigenous or poor peoples on low meat pro-pellagrous diets were considered inferior whatever their colour and had poorer health and life expectancy. Attempts to correct hunger in the resultant ramshackle “Third world” concentrated on calories fuelling population booms and busts and delaying demographic, epidemiological and economic transitions. High meat variances are narrowing in China and Asia but need help elsewhere in the South. Dangers of not developing with a safe and sufficient meat supply include the emergence of zoonoses and mass migration. Reparations, rehabilitation and rejuvenation should concentrate on reconstituting a meat commons giving us a shot at redemption and survival.

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“…Ecology at population, community, and ecosystem scales. [96,97] Environmental History Partially documented temporally and geographically specific human behavior, environmental impact, and perceptions [13,98,99] One potentially useful perspective on dismantling human exceptionalism comes from approaches across anthropology, geography, history, and related fields documenting how differently other present and past societies conceptualize the relationships between humans, non-humans, and landscapes (e.g., so-called 'new animism' and the 'ontological turn' [78][79][80]; see also [100]). Empirical work in this area often has a relatively limited temporal depth restricted to the living memory of informants, although some applications demonstrate its potential for documenting and explaining longer-term human-environment relationships and socio-ecological processes (e.g., [85,86,90,101,102]).…”

Section: Biogeographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing Transdisciplinary Approaches to Sustainability Challenges: The Need to Model Socio-Environmental Systems in the Longue Durée

et al. 2022

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Human beings are an active component of every terrestrial ecosystem on Earth. Although our local impact on the evolution of these ecosystems has been undeniable and extensively documented, it remains unclear precisely how our activities are altering them, in part because ecosystems are dynamic systems structured by complex, non-linear feedback processes and cascading effects. We argue that it is only by studying human–environment interactions over timescales that greatly exceed the lifespan of any individual human (i.e., the deep past or longue durée), we can hope to fully understand such processes and their implications. In this article, we identify some of the key challenges faced in integrating long-term datasets with those of other areas of sustainability science, and suggest some useful ways forward. Specifically, we (a) highlight the potential of the historical sciences for sustainability science, (b) stress the need to integrate theoretical frameworks wherein humans are seen as inherently entangled with the environment, and (c) propose formal computational modelling as the ideal platform to overcome the challenges of transdisciplinary work across large, and multiple, geographical and temporal scales. Our goal is to provide a manifesto for an integrated scientific approach to the study of socio-ecological systems over the long term.

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The Retreat of the Elephants

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

Current Practices of Electroconvulsive Therapy in Mental Disorders

Current Practices of Electroconvulsive Therapy in Mental Disorders

Pellagra: Down Not Out If Down and Out (and South) – Part 2

Developing Transdisciplinary Approaches to Sustainability Challenges: The Need to Model Socio-Environmental Systems in the Longue Durée

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