The Retinohypothalamic tract: Comparison of axonal projection patterns from four major targets

Canteras, Newton S.; Ribeiro‐Barbosa, Érika Renata; Goto, Marina; Cipolla‐Neto, José; Swanson, Larry W.

doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2010.09.006

Cited by 56 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 159 publications

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“…The present study found that retinal axons contact dopaminergic/monoaminergic neurons in the periventricular and A11 nuclei, histaminergic neurons in the tuberomammillary nuclei, orexinergic neurons in the perifornical area (but not lateral or medial nuclei), MCHergic neurons in the LH, and oxytocinergic and vasopressinergic neurons in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. They expand the scope of retinohypothalamic projections described previously (50)(51)(52)(53). In the context of the present study, it is tempting to propose that modulation of these peptidergic hypothalamic neurons by light, which, at best, is incompletely documented (54)(55)(56), may trigger some of the affective, autonomic, and hypothalamic symptoms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Neural mechanism for hypothalamic-mediated autonomic responses to light during migraine

Noseda

Lee

Nir

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Migraineurs avoid light because it intensifies their headache. However, this is not the only reason for their aversion to light. Studying migraineurs and control subjects, we found that lights triggered more changes in autonomic functions and negative emotions during, rather than in the absence of, migraine or in control subjects, and that the association between light and positive emotions was stronger in control subjects than migraineurs. Seeking to define a neuroanatomical substrate for these findings, we showed that, in rats, axons of retinal ganglion cells converge on hypothalamic neurons that project directly to nuclei in the brainstem and spinal cord that regulate parasympathetic and sympathetic functions and contain dopamine, histamine, orexin, melanin-concentrating hormone, oxytocin, and vasopressin. Although the rat studies define frameworks for conceptualizing how light triggers the symptoms described by patients, the human studies suggest that the aversive nature of light is more complex than its association with headache intensification.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Neural mechanism for hypothalamic-mediated autonomic responses to light during migraine

Noseda

Lee

Nir

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Consistent with this idea, FoxD (50) and Brn1/ 2/4 (51), whose vertebrate orthologs are expressed in the hypothalamus, also are expressed in the tissue apposed the tegmental neuropil in amphioxus. In addition, the retinohypothalamic tract in vertebrates projects to the anterior hypothalamic area involved in the control of basic behaviors (52) and also the pineal fibers connect bilaterally to the rostral hypothalamus (53). The amphioxus tegmental neuropil in the posterior cerebral vesicle receives not only projections from the frontal eye area but also bilateral afferents from the giant cells located in the primary motor center (PMC) (49).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular analysis of the amphioxus frontal eye unravels the evolutionary origin of the retina and pigment cells of the vertebrate eye

Vopálenský

Pergner

Liegertová

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

118

166

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The origin of vertebrate eyes is still enigmatic. The "frontal eye" of amphioxus, our most primitive chordate relative, has long been recognized as a candidate precursor to the vertebrate eyes. However, the amphioxus frontal eye is composed of simple ciliated cells, unlike vertebrate rods and cones, which display more elaborate, surface-extended cilia. So far, the only evidence that the frontal eye indeed might be sensitive to light has been the presence of a ciliated putative sensory cell in the close vicinity of dark pigment cells. We set out to characterize the cell types of the amphioxus frontal eye molecularly, to test their possible relatedness to the cell types of vertebrate eyes. We show that the cells of the frontal eye specifically coexpress a combination of transcription factors and opsins typical of the vertebrate eye photoreceptors and an inhibitory Gi-type alpha subunit of the G protein, indicating an off-responding phototransductory cascade. Furthermore, the pigmented cells match the retinal pigmented epithelium in melanin content and regulatory signature. Finally, we reveal axonal projections of the frontal eye that resemble the basic photosensory-motor circuit of the vertebrate forebrain. These results support homology of the amphioxus frontal eye and the vertebrate eyes and yield insights into their evolutionary origin.evolution | vision | cephalochordate T he evolutionary origin of vertebrate eyes is enigmatic. Charles Darwin appreciated the conceptual difficulty in accepting that an organ as complex as the vertebrate eye could have evolved through natural selection (1). Part of the problem lies in the paucity of extant phyla with useful gradations that occurred during eye evolution, thus providing a scenario that led to the emergence of the vertebrate eye. For example, the eye of the adult lamprey (a jawless vertebrate) is remarkably similar to the eye of jawed vertebrates in the overall design, retina cell types, and multiple classes of opsins (2). Given these similarities, it is likely that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an elaborate camera-type lens eye. To understand the seemingly sudden origin of the vertebrate eye, its evolutionary precursor must be identified within the nonvertebrate chordates lacking elaborated eye structures. Because of its basal phylogenetic position within the chordates (3), its slowly evolving genome (4), and its ancestral morphology, the cephalochordate amphioxus represents a traditional model organism for understanding the origin of vertebrate organs. Extensive electron microscopy studies of the cerebral vesicle of the basal chordate amphioxus revealed several putative photoreceptive organs-dorsal ocelli, Joseph cells, lamellar body, and the unpaired "frontal eye" (5). The pigmented dorsal ocelli and the Joseph cells are morphologically and molecularly related to invertebrate eye photoreceptors (6, 7), whereas the frontal eye and the lamellar body traditionally have been homologized to the vertebrate eyes and pineal g...

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“…18 Each OT was dissected from the hypothalamus to avoid contamination from bloodborne virus at the median eminence. [19][20][21] The OT was approximately 6 mm in length and was dissected to the point where the fibers enter the dorsal thalamus. Each experiment was repeated at least twice.…”

Section: Tissue Isolationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Delivery of Herpes Simplex Virus to Retinal Ganglion Cell Axon Is Dependent on Viral Protein Us9

Draper

Huang²,

Stephenson³

et al. 2013

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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PURPOSE. How herpes simplex virus (HSV) is transported from the infected neuron cell body to the axon terminal is poorly understood. Several viral proteins are candidates for regulating the process, but the evidence is controversial. We compared the results of Us9 deletions in two HSV strains (F and NS) using a novel quantitative assay to test the hypothesis that the viral protein Us9 regulates the delivery of viral DNA to the distal axon of retinal ganglion cells in vivo. We also deleted a nineamino acid motif in the Us9 protein of F strain (Us9-30) to define the role of this domain in DNA delivery. METHODS.The vitreous chambers of murine eyes were infected with equivalent amounts of F or NS strains of HSV. At 3, 4, or 5 days post infection (dpi), both optic tracts (OT) were dissected and viral genome was quantified by qPCR. RESULTS.At 3 dpi, the F strain Us9-and Us9-30 mutants delivered less than 10% and 1%, respectively, of the viral DNA delivered after infection with the Us9R (control) strain. By 4 and 5 dpi, delivery of viral DNA had only partially recovered. Deletion of Us9 in NS-infected mice has a less obvious effect on delivery of new viral DNA to the distal OT. By 3 dpi the NS Us9-strain delivered 22% of the DNA that was delivered by the NS wt, and by 4 and 5 dpi the amount of Us9-viral DNA was 96% and 81%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS.A highly conserved acidic cluster within the Us9 protein plays a critical role for genome transport to the distal axon. The transport is less dependent on Us9 expression in the NS than in the F strain virus. This assay can be used to compare transport efficiency in other neurotropic viral strains. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54:962-967) DOI:10.1167/ iovs.12-11274 T he anterograde axonal transport of new herpes simplex virus (HSV) underlies the pathophysiology of both corneal keratitis and herpetic encephalitis. After initial infection of the corneal cells, virus spreads to innervating sensory nerve axon terminals and then travels by retrograde axonal transport to sensory or autonomic ganglion neuron cell bodies. In the neuron cell body the virus replicates, and new virus is redelivered via anterograde axonal transport to axon terminals in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Spread to mucous membranes leads to corneal blisters and epithelial scarring (see Al-Dujaili et al.1 for review). The same HSV-1 infection of trigeminal ganglion cells can also lead to the spread of new virus into the central nervous system (CNS), resulting in herpetic hemorrhagic encephalitis. 2 Study of anterograde axonal transport of HSV in the trigeminal system is complicated for several reasons. The primary infection of the corneal epithelial cells is followed by infection and retrograde axonal transport in neurons of the trigeminal ganglion. Two to 3 days after corneal infection, virus continues to be transported in the retrograde direction, but now newly synthesized virus returns in the anterograde direction in the peripheral branches of trigeminal neurons. In contrast, the retinal ganglion ...

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The Retinohypothalamic tract: Comparison of axonal projection patterns from four major targets

Cited by 56 publications

References 159 publications

Neural mechanism for hypothalamic-mediated autonomic responses to light during migraine

Neural mechanism for hypothalamic-mediated autonomic responses to light during migraine

Molecular analysis of the amphioxus frontal eye unravels the evolutionary origin of the retina and pigment cells of the vertebrate eye

Delivery of Herpes Simplex Virus to Retinal Ganglion Cell Axon Is Dependent on Viral Protein Us9

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