The Results of Electrical Stimulation of the Cochlea in Human Sensory Deafness

Michelson, Robin P.

doi:10.1177/000348947108000618

Cited by 112 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Their success spurred an intensive level of activity in attempts to restore hearing to deaf people on the United States west coast in the 1960s and 1970s (Doyle et al, 1964;Simmons et al, 1965;Michelson, 1971;House and Urban, 1973).…”

Section: History Of Cochlear Implantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in Cochlear Implants

Zeng

2004

Trends in Amplification

329

238

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More than 60,000 people worldwide use cochlear implants as a means to restore functional hearing. Although individual performance variability is still high, an average implant user can talk on the phone in a quiet environment. Cochlear-implant research has also matured as a field, as evidenced by the exponential growth in both the patient population and scientific publication. The present report examines current issues related to audiologic, clinical, engineering, anatomic, and physiologic aspects of cochlear implants, focusing on their psychophysical, speech, music, and cognitive performance. This report also forecasts clinical and research trends related to presurgical evaluation, fitting protocols, signal processing, and postsurgical rehabilitation in cochlear implants. Finally, a future landscape in amplification is presented that requires a unique, yet complementary, contribution from hearing aids, middle ear implants, and cochlear implants to achieve a total solution to the entire spectrum of hearing loss treatment and management. Trends in Cochlear ImplantsFan-Gang Zeng, PhD IntroductionCochlear implants are the only medical intervention that can restore partial hearing to a totally deafened person via electric stimulation of the residual auditory nerve. Twenty years ago, the cochlear implant started as a single-electrode device that was used mainly for enhancing lipreading and providing sound awareness. Today, it is a sophisticated multielectrode device that allows most of its 60,000 users to talk on the phone. The implant candidacy has been expanded to include children as young as 3 months and adults who have significant functional residual hearing, particularly at low frequencies. Commercial and research enterprises have also matured to generate annual revenues of hundreds of millions of dollars and to command attention from multidisciplinary fields including engineering, medicine, and neuroscience.This review describes what a cochlear implant is and how it works, and discusses its past, present, and future. It also focuses on audiologic and clinical issues, engineering issues, anatomic and physiologic issues, and cochlear-implant performance in basic psychophysics, speech, music, and cognition. Finally, trends in cochlear implants from clinical, research, and system points of view are presented. History of Cochlear ImplantsDevelopment of cochlear implants can be traced back at least 200 years to the Italian scientist Alessandro Volta, who invented the battery (the unit volt was named after him). He used the battery as a research tool to demonstrate that electric stimulation could directly evoke auditory, visual, olfactory, and touch sensations in humans (Volta, 1800). When placing one of the two ends of a 50-volt battery in each of his ears, he observed that ". . . at the moment when the circuit was completed, I received a shock in the head, and some moments after I began to hear a sound, or rather noise in the ears, which I cannot well define: it was a kind of crackling with shocks, as if some paste...

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Section: History Of Cochlear Implantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in Cochlear Implants

Zeng

2004

Trends in Amplification

329

238

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…In 1957, A French physician, Djourno and his colleagues reported successful hearing using electric stimulation in two totally deafened patients [13][14][15]. Their successful story crossed the Atlantic, spurred an intensive level of activity in attempts to restore hearing to deaf people, mostly on the U.S. west coast in the 1960s and 1970s [16][17][18][19]. By one historian's account [20], William House in Los Angeles in 1961 implanted a gold electrode insulated with silicone rubber in the scala tympani of two deaf patients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cochlear Implants: System Design, Integration, and Evaluation

Zeng

Rebscher

Harrison³

et al. 2008

IEEE Rev. Biomed. Eng.

656

198

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As the most successful neural prosthesis, cochlear implants have provided partial hearing to more than 120,000 persons worldwide; half of which being pediatric users who are able to develop nearly normal language. Biomedical engineers have played a central role in the design, integration and evaluation of the cochlear implant system, but the overall success is a result of collaborative work with physiologists, psychologists, physicians, educators, and entrepreneurs. This review presents broad yet in-depth academic and industrial perspectives on the underlying research and ongoing development of cochlear implants. The introduction accounts for major events and advances in cochlear implants, including dynamic interplays among engineers, scientists, physicians, and policy makers. The review takes a system approach to address critical issues from design and specifications to integration and evaluation. First, the cochlear implant system design and specifications are laid out. Second, the design goals, principles, and methods of the subsystem components are identified from the external speech processor and radio frequency transmission link to the internal receiver, stimulator and electrode arrays. Third, system integration and functional evaluation are presented with respect to safety, reliability, and challenges facing the present and future cochlear implant designers and users. Finally, issues beyond cochlear implants are discussed to address treatment options for the entire spectrum of hearing impairment as well as to use the cochlear implant as a model to design and evaluate other similar neural prostheses such as vestibular and retinal implants.

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“…37 Michelson added 1 more patient to his report; this was the first published article dealing with 3 patients implanted with a singlechannel CI. This article was discussed with much skepticism by Moses Lurie, Harold Schucknecht, and Joseph Hawkins, leading Michelson to conclude, "It has been said that the investigator's best friend is his severest critic.…”

Section: Initial Application Period On a Cohort Of Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%