The Results of Eighteen Months of Benzedrine Sulfate Therapy in Psychiatry

Davidoff, Eugene; Reifenstein, Edward C.

doi:10.1176/ajp.95.4.945

Cited by 22 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Amphetamine abuse has repeatedly been shown to worsen symptoms in some (Janowsky et al 1973; West 1974; Janowsky and Davis 1976) but not all schizophrenic patients (van Kammen et al 1982, 1985; Angrist et al 1985; Lieberman et al 1987). In addition, clinicians have reported successfully treating schizophrenic patients solely or adjunctively with amphetamines, especially patients with prominent negative symptoms (Wooley 1938; Davidoff and Reifenstein 1939; Angrist et al 1980, 1982; Cesarec and Nyman 1985).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Substance Abuse in Schizophrenia: Demographic and Clinical Correlates

Mueser

Yarnold

Levinson

et al. 1990

Schizophrenia Bulletin

547

277

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Methodological issues involved in assessing the prevalence of substance abuse in schizophrenia are discussed, and previous research in this area is comprehensively reviewed. Many studies suffer from methodological shortcomings, including the lack of diagnostic rigor, adequate sample sizes, and simultaneous assessment of different types of substance abuse (e.g., stimulants, sedatives). In general, the evidence suggests that the prevalence of substance abuse in schizophrenia is comparable to that in the general population, with the possible exceptions of stimulant and hallucinogen abuse, which may be greater in patients with schizophrenia. Data are presented on the association of substance abuse with demographics, diagnosis, history of illness, and symptoms in 149 recently hospitalized DSM-III-R schizophrenic, schizophreniform, and schizoaffective disorder patients. Demographic characteristics were strong predictors of substance abuse, with gender, age, race, and socioeconomic status being most important. Stimulant abusers tended to have their first hospitalization at an earlier age and were more often diagnosed as having schizophrenia, but did not differ in their symptoms from nonabusers. A history of cannabis abuse was related to fewer symptoms and previous hospitalizations, suggesting that more socially competent patients were prone to cannabis use. The findings show that environmental factors may be important determinants of substance abuse among schizophrenic-spectrum patients and that clinical differences related to abuse vary with different types of drugs.

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confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Substance Abuse in Schizophrenia: Demographic and Clinical Correlates

Mueser

Yarnold

Levinson

et al. 1990

Schizophrenia Bulletin

547

277

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“…Effects in normal subjects are dose related and include activation and changes in mood (Angrist 1983) and at high doses, induction of schizophreniform symptoms (Connell 1958;Griffith et al 1968;Angrist and Gershon 1970). In schizophrenics, reported clinical effects include exacerbation of psychotic symptoms (Janowsky et al 1973;Angrist et al 1980), transient decrease in psychoses , and improvement in negative symptoms (Guttman and Sargant 1937;Davidoff and Reifenstein 1938;Cesarec et al 1974;Angrist et al 1982). This variability in schizophrenics' responses may be related to state (Angrist and van Kammen 1984).…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of amphetamine on local cerebral metabolism in normal and schizophrenic subjects as determined by positron emission tomography

et al. 1987

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The effects of d-amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg PO) on regional cerebral glucose utilization were measured with Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Subjects included ten chronic schizophrenics and six controls who received amphetamine, and six chronic schizophrenics and nine controls who received placebo or no treatment. Amphetamine decreased glucose metabolism in all regions studied (frontal, temporal, and striatal) in normal and schizophrenic subjects. The metabolic effects of amphetamine were correlated with plasma level of the drug. Cortical atrophy was associated with a blunted metabolic response.

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“…In the late 1930s, a pioneering report showed that open treatment with benzedrine -an amphetamine sulfate -yielded some benefit in a case series of 20 bipolar-depressed patients, and although some individuals had increased irritability, none had an actual treatmentinduced manic switch (Davidoff & Reifenstein, 1939).…”

Section: Early Reports and Case Seriesmentioning

confidence: 99%