The Responsibility to Protect at 15

Abstract

In the fifteen years since the publication of the report ‘The Responsibility to Protect’ by the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, there has been a burgeoning literature on all aspects of R2P. This review article focuses on five issues. First, it revisits the shift from ‘humanitarian intervention’ to R2P as the key innovation in 2001, highlighting the political, conceptual, normative, procedural and operational differences between the two. Second, it examines the state of knowledge regarding the causes of atrocities; the institutional vulnerabilities and points of resilience; the pathways from simmering animosities to mass killings; the indicators and precursors; and the most effective preventive and response mechanisms. Third, it reviews the unsatisfactory state of R2P implementation. Fourth, it discusses the main R2P actors, from international organizations and key groups of states to individuals. Finally, it addresses the continuing scepticism about R2P, in that it does not resolve all the dilemmas of how outsiders can provide timely, decisive and effective assistance to any group in need of protection.

Banking Strategies and Customer Loyalty Case of Tunisian Banks

“…The results reveal a strong association between the variables. This discovering shows the relevance of customer commitment in generating customer loyalty, contributing support to recent expanding interest in the literature on this association (Kumar et al, 2013;Thakur, 2016;Kosiba et al, 2018;Moliner et al, 2013;Parihar et al, 2019).…”

Ingurumen-zarata eta Osasuna

“…Umeek helduek baino defentsa-gaitasun gutxiago dute ingurumen-zaratari aurre egiteko, eta gainera, zarata gutxiago kontrolatu dezakete [57]. Ondorioz, haurrak zaratarekiko arrisku taldetzat hartzen dira: haur eta jaioberriak zarataren kontsumitzaile pasiboak dira, eta haren ondorio kaltegarrietarako sentiberagoak [58], Munich-eko aireportuaren ikerketak agerian utzi zuen hegazkinen zaratak haurren adrenalina eta noradrenalina mailak handitzen zituela [59].…”

International Law and Humanitarian Intervention in the Syrian Civil War: The Role of the United States

“…It places the responsibility for protecting human rights on the state, and in event that it fails in this, the responsibility falls on the international community. This stance was informed by the events of the 1994 genocide in Rwanda, which was greeted by international inaction in the face of human rights violations (Thakur, 2016). The Rwandan genocide witnessed the deaths of 800,000 Tutsis at the hand of violent Hutus.…”