The response to inactivated influenza A (H3N2) vaccines: the development and effect of antibodies to the surface antigens

Smith, Alyson; Davies, Joan R.

doi:10.1017/s0022172400056266

Cited by 8 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…This policy has been questioned as a result of data from a long-term study carried out at Christ's Hospital school, England. In three influenza epidemics occurring in 1972, 1974 and 1976 protection against infection was only apparent in boys immunized for the first time with a vaccine homologous to the epidemic strain; later immunization with vaccines of the same serotype did not increase immunity; the total influenza experience was not diminished by immunization; and infection induced a more solid immunity than immunization (Smith & Davies, 1977;Hoskins et al 1979).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Sequential infection or immunization of ferrets with a series of influenza A (H3N2) strains (Report to the Medical Research Council's Sub-Committee on Influenza Vaccines (CDVIP/IV))

et al. 1987

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SUMMARYPrevious studies of boys at Christ's Hospital school have indicated that annual immunization with influenza virus vaccines did not significantly reduce the total incidence of influenza infection compared to unimmunized subjects. In view of the implications of this result, a similar study was conducted in ferrets to clarify these findings. Groups of ferrets were immunized or infected with a series of influenza A (H3N2) viruses over an 18-month period, and the immunity to subsequent live virus challenge was measured after each virus or vaccine exposure. The results indicated that live virus infection gave a more solid immunity than immunization with inactivated vaccine; and the serum haemagglutination-inhibiting antibody response was greater following immunization than following infection. In addition, differences in immunity could not be explained by measurements of cross-reacting and specific antibody, since the incidence of these antibodies was similar in both infected and immunized animals. The results do not suggest an explanation for the different levels of immunity induced following infection or immunization or the results obtained from the Christ's Hospital study. However, the relative contribution of various immune responses to virus or virus antigen is discussed, and it is suggested that the difference in immunity may lie in the ability of live virus infection to stimulate local antibody.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Sequential infection or immunization of ferrets with a series of influenza A (H3N2) strains (Report to the Medical Research Council's Sub-Committee on Influenza Vaccines (CDVIP/IV))

et al. 1987

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“…Traditionally, strategies for immunization against influenza A viruses have emphasised the importance of inducing protective antibody to the viral surface components (Hobson, Curry & Beare, 1973;Smith & Davies, 1977;Oxford et al 1979). Selection of appropriate reassortant strains having good growth capacity in eggs and possessing the same surface haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) antigens as the currently circulating strain has involved the use of mixed infections under varying in vitro conditions (Haaheim & Schild, 1976).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphology and antigenicity studies on reassortant influenza (H3N2) viruses for use in inactivated vaccines

Pemberton

Jennings

Smith

1985

J. Hyg.

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SUMMARYThree influenza A (H3N2) reassortant whole virus vaccine strains with differing antibody-inducing capacities in hamsters were investigated morphologically and antigenically. Although initial measurements ofvirion circumference, from electron micrographs of vaccine preparations, suggested a relationship of small virion size with low immunogenicity, subsequent immunization with, and morphological investigation of, vaccine virions separated on sucrose gradients, failed to obtain populations whose antibody-inducing capacity clearly correlated with constituent virion density, size, morphology or integrity.However, antigenic investigation using single radial haemolysis (SRH) and monoclonal antibodies revealed significant differences in antigenic specificity between the strains. Furthermore, a series of H3N2 isolates, derived using standard reassortment procedures, also showed differences in antigenic specificity in their haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) reactions with monoclonal antibodies after five passages in allantois-on-shell cultures. Variation between these isolates and their A/Victoria parent virus could be detected using SRH and hamster sera raised against each isolate.These results demonstrate variation between candidate influenza A virus vaccine strains, all possessing the same surface (H3N2) glycoproteins, expressed as a consequence of the reassortant system used for their production.

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Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy adults

Demicheli¹,

Rivetti²,

Deeks³

et al. 2004

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

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The response to inactivated influenza A (H3N2) vaccines: the development and effect of antibodies to the surface antigens

Cited by 8 publications

References 17 publications

Sequential infection or immunization of ferrets with a series of influenza A (H3N2) strains (Report to the Medical Research Council's Sub-Committee on Influenza Vaccines (CDVIP/IV))

Sequential infection or immunization of ferrets with a series of influenza A (H3N2) strains (Report to the Medical Research Council's Sub-Committee on Influenza Vaccines (CDVIP/IV))

Morphology and antigenicity studies on reassortant influenza (H3N2) viruses for use in inactivated vaccines

Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy adults

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