The Response Specificity of Trichogramma Egg Parasitoids towards Infochemicals during Host Location

Abstract

Parasitoids are confronted with many different infochemicals of their hosts

Short-range allelochemicals from a plant–herbivore association: a singular case of oviposition-induced synomone for an egg parasitoid

“…(Fatouros et al, 2005;Fatouros et al, 2007;Fatouros et al, 2008;Fatouros et al, 2009;Blenn et al, 2009 experienced parasitoid females were responsive to the treatments, indicating that parasitoid behaviour depends on associative learning. On the contrary, in our system the responding females were naïve, i.e.…”

“…However, for several systems it has been found that the emission of plant synomones can be induced by insect oviposition, and that these synomones will attract specific egg parasitoids (Meiners and Hilker, 1997;Meiners and Hilker, 2000;Hilker and Meiners, 2002;Hilker et al, 2002a;Colazza et al, 2004a;Colazza et al, 2004b;Fatouros et al, 2005;Fatouros et al, 2007;Fatouros et al, 2008;Fatouros et al, 2009). From an evolutionary point of view, both symbionts will take advantage of this 'early alert' (sensu Hilker and Meiners, 2006) mechanism, as the egg parasitoids would use such highly detectable and reliable volatiles induced in plants soon after herbivore eggs are laid, whereas the plants would increase their fitness by recruiting natural enemies of the herbivore eggs before significant damage has occurred, i.e.…”

“…The mechanisms underlying synomone emission are associated with the presence of plant damage, either during oviposition or as a consequence of unrelated feeding behaviour on the host plant, in combination with elicitors contained in the reproductive system secretion and/or in the saliva of the herbivore (Hilker et al, 2002a;Hilker et al, 2002b; Rodriguezsurface, both locally and systemically, that arrest the egg parasitoids Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko and T. evanescens Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) (Fatouros et al, 2005;Fatouros et al, 2007). Similarly, Brussels sprout plants induced by singly laid eggs of P. rapae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) arrest T. brassicae wasps (Fatouros et al, 2009).…”

Oviposition by a moth suppresses constitutive and herbivore-induced plant volatiles in maize

“…Indeed, it has been demonstrated that plants after contacting eggs can grow neoplasms, initiate tissue necrosis (hypersensitive response), or produce ovicidal substances in order to kill eggs or isolate hatching larvae from plant tissue (Blackmeer et al 1994;Seino et al 1996;Balbyshev and Lorenzen 1997;Doss et al 2000;Hilker and Meiners 2002). After oviposition, plants can also release volatiles that are attractive to egg parasitoids (Hilker and Meiners 2002) or change chemicals on the leaf surface that arrest egg parasitoids (Fatouros et al 2005(Fatouros et al , 2007. Since this discovery (Meiners and Hilker 1997), such indirect defenses elicited by oviposition have been reported for some plant-insect systems (Meiners and Hilker 2000;Wegener et al 2001;Mumm et al 2003;Fatouros et al 2008).…”

Nocturnal parasitism of moth eggs byTrichogrammawasps

“…Trichogramma wasps also generally have more than 24 hours time to parasitise nocturnally laid host eggs until the head of the host's caterpillar has sclerotised. Diurnal activity has been shown for many Trichogramma species, and also for the strains used in this study (Woelke & Huigens, personal observations and, for example, Fatouros, Broekgaarden, et al, 2008;Fatouros, Bukovinszkine'Kiss et al, 2005;Fatouros et al, 2007;Fatouros, Huigens, et al, 2005;Huigens et al, 2009Huigens et al, , 2010Huigens et al, , 2011Woelke, 2008). Reznik et al (2009) found for T. principium Sug.…”