The Response of the Associations of Grass and Epichloë Endophytes to the Increased Content of Heavy Metals in the Soil

Epichloë species form bioprotective endophytic symbioses with many cool-season grasses, including agriculturally important forage grasses. Despite its importance, relatively little is known about the molecular details of the interaction and the regulatory genes involved. VelA is a key global regulator in fungal secondary metabolism and development. In previous studies, we showed the requirement of velA for E. festucae to form a mutualistic interaction with Lolium perenne. We showed that VelA regulates the expression of genes encoding proteins involved in membrane transport, fungal cell wall biosynthesis, host cell wall degradation, and secondary metabolism, along with several small-secreted proteins in Epichloë festucae. Here, by a comparative transcriptomics analysis on perennial ryegrass seedlings and mature plants, which are endophyte free or infected with wild type (mutualistic interaction) or mutant ΔvelA E. festucae (antagonistic or incompatible interaction), regulatory effects of the endophytic interaction on perennial ryegrass development was studied. We show that ΔvelA mutant associations influence the expression of genes involved in primary metabolism, secondary metabolism, and response to biotic and abiotic stresses compared with wild type associations, providing an insight into processes defining mutualistic versus antagonistic interactions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Transcriptomics Profiling of Perennial Ryegrass Infected with Wild Type or a ΔvelA Epichloë festucae Mutant Reveals Host Processes Underlying Mutualistic versus Antagonistic Interactions

Rahnama

Maclean

Fleetwood³

et al. 2023

JoF

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“…Epichloë fungi form bioprotective endophytic symbioses with many cool-season grasses, including agriculturally important forage grasses such as PRG. These endophytic associations have a very important influence on plant growth and interaction with environmental stresses [49][50][51][52][53]. In addition, certain studies have shown that Epichloë can reprogram host plant transcription [12][13][14][15][54][55][56] Velvet (velA) is an important gene in filamentous fungi that influences several processes such as fungal growth and metabolism and resistance to various stresses [57][58][59][60][61][62] and we have previously reported its importance in the symbiosis of E. festucae with PRG [6,9,38].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Transcriptomics Profiling of Perennial Ryegrass Infected with Wild Type or a <em>∆velA Epichloë Festucae</em> Mutant Reveals Host Processes Underlying Mutualistic versus Antagonistic Interactions

Rahnama¹,

MacLean²,

Fleetwood³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Epichloë species form bioprotective endophytic symbioses with many cool-season grasses, including agriculturally important forage grasses. Despite its importance, relatively little is known about the molecular details of the interaction and the regulatory genes involved. VelA is a key global regulator in fungal secondary metabolism and development. In previous studies, we showed the requirement of velA for E. festucae to form a mutualistic interaction with Lolium perenne. We showed that VelA regulates the expression of genes encoding proteins involved in membrane transport, fungal cell wall biosynthesis, host cell wall degradation and secondary metabolism, along with several small-secreted proteins in Epichloë festucae. Here, by a comparative transcriptomics analysis on perennial ryegrass seedlings and mature plants, which are endophyte free or infected with wild type (mutualistic interaction) or mutant ∆velA E. festucae (antagonistic or incompatible interaction), regulatory effects of the endophytic interaction on perennial ryegrass development was studied. We show that ∆velA mutant associations influence the expression of genes involved in primary metabolism, secondary metabolism and response to biotic and abiotic stresses compared to wild type associations, providing an insight into processes defining mutualistic versus antagonistic interactions.

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“…and, Fe, Mn, B, Zn, Mo, Cu, respectively, available in the soil. With emphasis on Zn and Cu, necessary for the proper development of living organisms [51], [52]. According to the largest amount of nutrients, present in vegetables, is concentrated in the peels of the fruits and not in the pulp, so the peels can be considered sources of nutrients, which are most often discarded.…”

Section: General Aspects Of Residuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and Evaluation of Agro-industrial Residues of Bacuri (Platonia Insignis Mart.) and Sweet Cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) in the Production of 6pentyl-α-pyrone by Solid State Fermentation

Nascimento

2023

Preprint

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SUMMARY The 6 pentyl-α-pyrone (6-PP) is a natural aroma, with a coconut smell, obtained by fermentation processes with fungi of the genus Trichoderma. The objective of this research was to evaluate the nutritional potential of bacuri bark and sweet cassava peels in the production of coconut bioaroma through solid state fermentation (SSF). To this end, analyses of physicochemical characterization, antimicrobial, volatile, surface, and composition activities were performed, including lignocellulosic profile, among others. The fermentations were conducted under humidification conditions with water, nutrient solution without additive and nutrient solutions with glucose or sucrose during 9 days. The quantification of aroma compounds was performed by gas chromatography, aided by solid phase microextraction. The results showed that there was inhibition of fungal growth in the bacuri residue motivated by the presence of inhibitory compounds, especially resin. The residues of sweet cassava, with a high percentage of starch, were favorable to microbial growth, however, the quantification of the bioaroma presented values below 7.0 ppm. Therefore, strategies to increase this production were necessary and the use of sweet cassava bark as a solid supplement, mixed with bacuri residue, was satisfactory reaching concentrations of 26.43±5.72ppm in the presence of nutrient solution with glucose; 42± 6.8ppm with nutrient solution only; 142±2.46 ppm only with distilled water and 202.46±1.30 ppm with sucrose nutrient solution, showing the efficiency of the mixture for fungal development conditions and also for aroma production.

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The Response of the Associations of Grass and Epichloë Endophytes to the Increased Content of Heavy Metals in the Soil

Cited by 14 publications

References 146 publications

Comparative Transcriptomics Profiling of Perennial Ryegrass Infected with Wild Type or a ΔvelA Epichloë festucae Mutant Reveals Host Processes Underlying Mutualistic versus Antagonistic Interactions

Comparative Transcriptomics Profiling of Perennial Ryegrass Infected with Wild Type or a ΔvelA Epichloë festucae Mutant Reveals Host Processes Underlying Mutualistic versus Antagonistic Interactions

Comparative Transcriptomics Profiling of Perennial Ryegrass Infected with Wild Type or a <em>∆velA Epichloë Festucae</em> Mutant Reveals Host Processes Underlying Mutualistic versus Antagonistic Interactions

Characterization and Evaluation of Agro-industrial Residues of Bacuri (Platonia Insignis Mart.) and Sweet Cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) in the Production of 6pentyl-α-pyrone by Solid State Fermentation

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