The Response of Sapwood of Norway Spruce to Infection by Fomes annosus

Shain, Louis

doi:10.1094/phyto-61-301

Cited by 177 publications

(173 citation statements)

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“…Tyloses are an outgrowth of adjacent ray or axial parenchyma cells into the lumen which block the vessel partially or completely. It is a common feature and reported in several earlier studies (Shain 1967(Shain , 1979Pearce 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Pattern of delignification inAilanthus excelsaRoxb. wood byInonotus hispidus(Bull.: Fr.) Karst.

et al. 2010

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The pattern of delignification in Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. wood, naturally infected by Inonotus hispidus (Bull.: Fr.) Karst., was studied by light microscopy. Inonotus hispidus produced a typical pattern of soft rot decay even though it is grouped with white rot basidiomycetes. Fungal hyphae colonised all cell types of the secondary xylem but more damage was observed in xylem fibres. In the early stage, infection commenced on the cell wall corners and middle lamellae of the fibre wall without any pronounced effect on the primary and secondary wall layers. Delignification of fibre wall became apparent when all cell types became completely invaded by fungal hyphae. It started from within the lumina towards the middle lamellae, occurring initially in the immediate vicinity of hyphae growing on the luminal surface by forming an erosion trough. At an advanced stage of decay, localised degradation of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose resulted in the formation of small cavities within the secondary walls (S 2 ) of fibres. These cavities were never observed to contain any fungal hyphae. Though the vessels were resistant to infection, xylem rays and fibres were relatively less resistant to attack by I. hispidus. In severe infection, vessel lumens were found to be filled with sclerotic tissue which blocked them, resulting in complete collapse. The formation of cavities and the extent of cell wall damage are described in detail.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Pattern of delignification inAilanthus excelsaRoxb. wood byInonotus hispidus(Bull.: Fr.) Karst.

et al. 2010

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“…Current concepts of the delimitation of fungal colonization in xylem of trees are largely based on descriptions of patterns of discoloration and decay (Shain, 1967(Shain, , 1971(Shain, , 1979Shigo & Marx, 1977). On the basis of such observations, the CODIT-model (Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees) was proposed and developed by Shigo & Marx (1977).…”

Section: mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Shain (1967Shain ( , 1971Shain ( , 1979 proposed the term ' reaction zone ' to describe the discoloured region between colonized and uncolonized xylem, which corresponds to walls 1 to 3 of the CODIT model, and distinguish it from the structurally and functionally distinct ' barrier zone '. Another term, the ' column boundary layer ' has more recently been applied to the altered tissue around a zone of colonized or dysfunctional xylem (Shortle & Smith, 1990).…”

Section: mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of reaction zone penetration by decay fungi in wood of beech (Fagus sylvatica)

Schwarze

Baum

2000

New Phytologist

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Fungal growth within reaction zones of beech (Fagus sylvatica) challenged by three basidiomycetes, Inonotus hispidus, Ganoderma adspersum, Fomitopsis pinicola, and one ascomycete, Ustulina deusta, was studied in naturally colonized and artificially inoculated wood. All the fungi, except F. pinicola, breached reaction zones, but the mechanisms involved were all somewhat different. Both I. hispidus and U. deusta bypassed blocked cell lumina by tunnelling through cell walls (soft-rot mode), but the latter caused far more decomposition of cell walls. Degradation of polyphenols was slight with I. hispidus and absent with U. deusta. By contrast, G. adspersum preferentially degraded the polyphenolic occlusions in the cell lumina. The failure of F. pinicola to invade reaction zones was typical of a brown rot fungus having limited enzymatic potential and a uniform growth pattern. Mechanisms of lesion expansion, illustrated and summarized in schematic diagrams, are consistent with earlier observations that reaction zones in beech sapwood are static boundaries, which may be successfully breached by white and soft-rot fungi.

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“…Different types of boundary have been identified representing regions of anatomical modification and deposition of materials. In response to wounding by invasive fungi, reaction zones as described by Shain (1967Shain ( , 1971Shain ( , 1979 are seen as areas of discolouration between healthy and infected tissue. Material deposited by the host as a defence mechanism and barrier to invasion is therefore viewed as a form of containment against the fungal pathogen.…”

Section: Reaction-zone Penetrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A breakthrough for wood decay fungi

Eaton

2000

New Phytologist

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For wood mycologists, the work of Savory (1954a,b) marked an important step in the understanding of decay processes by lignolytic fungi. His description of decay by ascomycete and deuteromycete fungi in wood from industrial water cooling towers revealed a particular pattern observed previously by Bailey & Vestal (1937), Tamblyn (1937) and Barghoorn & Linder (1944) in wood from other situations. This type of decay was termed ‘soft rot’ because of the spongy texture of the wood surface. Soft rot, characterized by hyphal penetration of the wood cell walls in a fashion similar to sap‐stain fungi, results in the formation of decay cavities in the central zone of wood cell walls, which leads to their ultimate destruction. Soft rot was therefore described as distinct from the brown and white rot forms of wood decay normally attributed to lignolytic basidiomycetes and some of the larger ascomycetes, such as members of the Xylariaceae. Indeed, members of the genera Daldinia, Hypoxylon and Xylaria have usually been considered to be white rot fungi. However, the boundaries between these three types of fungal decay have since become less clear‐cut and a report in this issue, of a study into hyphal penetration of the reaction zone in beechwood (Schwarze and Baum, pp. 129–140), identifies different penetration mechanisms.

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The Response of Sapwood of Norway Spruce to Infection by Fomes annosus

Cited by 177 publications

References 0 publications

Pattern of delignification inAilanthus excelsaRoxb. wood byInonotus hispidus(Bull.: Fr.) Karst.

Pattern of delignification inAilanthus excelsaRoxb. wood byInonotus hispidus(Bull.: Fr.) Karst.

Mechanisms of reaction zone penetration by decay fungi in wood of beech (Fagus sylvatica)

A breakthrough for wood decay fungi

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