The response of maize protoplasts to cadmium stress mitigated by silicon

Integrated Application of Thiourea and Biochar Improves Maize Growth, Antioxidant Activity and Reduces Cadmium Bioavailability in Cadmium-Contaminated Soil

“…Due to its higher ability to accumulate high Cd concentration, maize is ranked first among cereal crops, earning Cd in most plant organs as one of the leading crops. Besides, maize is one of the significant cereal crops in China, and most maize planting regions in China are Cd contaminated ( Kollárová et al, 2019 ). Minimizing the bioavailability of Cd in the rhizosphere and reducing the uptake and accumulation of Cd by plants could effectively reduce the risk to human health and increase crop growth and yield ( Zhu et al, 2020 ).…”

Protoplast: A Valuable Toolbox to Investigate Plant Stress Perception and Response

“…Indeed, protoplast isolation procedures and the culture conditions that follow, may induce cell stress or damage ( Neelakandan and Wang, 2012 ), which should be avoided if one wants to study the effect of biotic and abiotic stresses. One of the most referenced dyes is FDA (fluorescein diacetate), which highlights living cells ( Bertini et al, 2019 ; Sangra et al, 2019 ; Qiu et al, 2020 ) or Evan’s blue, which highlights dead ones ( Kollárová et al, 2019 ). Other fluorochromes can be used, such as PI (propidium iodide), DAPI (4'6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, dichloride), and 7-AAD (7-amino-actinomycin D) that do not cross intact PMs.…”

“…Although changes in CW composition are often studied through biochemical analyses, histochemical staining with fluorochromes is increasingly used to bring a visual insight on these changes. For instance, calcofluor white is employed to preferentially stain cellulose and aniline blue to stain callose ( Yokoyama et al, 2016 ; Kollárová et al, 2019 ). Using these probes, it has, for instance, been demonstrated that when cultivated in stressful conditions, cellulose microfibrils were not deposited on the surface of white birch protoplasts and only callose deposition could be observed ( Tagawa and Kondo, 2018 ; Tagawa et al, 2019 ).…”

“…Using these probes, it has, for instance, been demonstrated that when cultivated in stressful conditions, cellulose microfibrils were not deposited on the surface of white birch protoplasts and only callose deposition could be observed ( Tagawa and Kondo, 2018 ; Tagawa et al, 2019 ). Calcofluor white has also been used to study the deleterious effect of cadmium on maize protoplast CW regeneration ( Kollárová et al, 2019 ). Another method also emerged using S4B (Pontamine Fast Scarlet 4 BS) in combination with spinning disk confocal microscopy to stain cellulose patterning on living cells.…”

“…Therefore, protoplasts are often combined with specific fluorochromes to study the effects and uptake of trace metals directly on cells ( Krzesłowska, 2011 ). For instance, Leadmium was used to visualize the uptake of cadmium by protoplasts and its deleterious effects on CW regeneration of wheat ( Greger et al, 2016 ) and maize ( Kollárová et al, 2019 ). Similarly, morin was used to study aluminum toxicity on coffee protoplasts, along with DAPI to monitor its localization into their nuclei ( Poot-Poot et al, 2016 ).…”