The response of guinea pig primary utricular and saccular irregular neurons to bone-conducted vibration (BCV) and air-conducted sound (ACS)

Curthoys, Ian S.; Vulovic, Vedran; Burgess, Ann M.; Sokolic, Ljiljana; Goonetilleke, Samanthi C.

doi:10.1016/j.heares.2015.10.019

Cited by 103 publications

(115 citation statements)

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“…At 500 Hz, BCV otolith neurons are clearly activated at low threshold and high sensitivity whereas semicircular canal neurons show no change in firing rate to intense 500 Hz stimuli (37, 38). This dissociation is the reason that 500 Hz BCV is used in specific clinical tests of otolith function in human patients (63, 82).…”

Section: The Neural Basis—evidence From Animal Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The evidence for establishing the basis of SVIN comes from recordings from single primary SCC and otolithic afferents in anesthetized guinea pigs in response to BCV using frequencies and intensities comparable to those used in the clinical testing of SVIN in human (subjects and patients)—100 Hz BCV of the skull (36–38). The predominantly horizontal component of SVIN leads to the hypothesis that it is the horizontal SCC which is activated by this stimulus.…”

Section: The Neural Basis—evidence From Animal Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many primary otolithic afferent neurons from the utricular or saccular macule with irregular resting discharge can be activated at low intensity by a full range of BCV frequencies from less than 100 Hz up to 2,000 Hz, with a very low threshold of about 0.02 g peak-to-peak at 500 Hz (38). When activated, the cells show phase-locking of the action potential to individual cycles of the stimulus waveform, similar to that found in auditory afferents (77).…”

Section: The Neural Basis—evidence From Animal Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Skull Vibration-Induced Nystagmus Test of Vestibular Function—A Review

et al. 2017

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A 100-Hz bone-conducted vibration applied to either mastoid induces instantaneously a predominantly horizontal nystagmus, with quick phases beating away from the affected side in patients with a unilateral vestibular loss (UVL). The same stimulus in healthy asymptomatic subjects has little or no effect. This is skull vibration-induced nystagmus (SVIN), and it is a useful, simple, non-invasive, robust indicator of asymmetry of vestibular function and the side of the vestibular loss. The nystagmus is precisely stimulus-locked: it starts with stimulation onset and stops at stimulation offset, with no post-stimulation reversal. It is sustained during long stimulus durations; it is reproducible; it beats in the same direction irrespective of which mastoid is stimulated; it shows little or no habituation; and it is permanent—even well-compensated UVL patients show SVIN. A SVIN is observed under Frenzel goggles or videonystagmoscopy and recorded under videonystagmography in absence of visual-fixation and strong sedative drugs. Stimulus frequency, location, and intensity modify the results, and a large variability in skull morphology between people can modify the stimulus. SVIN to 100 Hz mastoid stimulation is a robust response. We describe the optimum method of stimulation on the basis of the literature data and testing more than 18,500 patients. Recent neural evidence clarifies which vestibular receptors are stimulated, how they cause the nystagmus, and why the same vibration in patients with semicircular canal dehiscence (SCD) causes a nystagmus beating toward the affected ear. This review focuses not only on the optimal parameters of the stimulus and response of UVL and SCD patients but also shows how other vestibular dysfunctions affect SVIN. We conclude that the presence of SVIN is a useful indicator of the asymmetry of vestibular function between the two ears, but in order to identify which is the affected ear, other information and careful clinical judgment are needed.

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Section: The Neural Basis—evidence From Animal Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: The Neural Basis—evidence From Animal Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Neural Basis—evidence From Animal Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Skull Vibration-Induced Nystagmus Test of Vestibular Function—A Review

et al. 2017

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“…Detailed analysis of the timing of the action potentials of irregular afferents evoked by sound or vibration show they are phase locked to individual cycles of the ACS (up to 3,000 Hz) or BCV stimulus (up to 2,000 Hz) (Figure 3) (20). Phase locking means that the exact timing of the action potential is locked to a particular phase angle (or a narrow band of phase angles) of the stimulus waveform at that frequency (Figure 3).…”

Section: Physiological Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The clustering around these integral multiples demonstrates phase locking at both frequencies. This figure is a replotting of the histograms of the response of neuron 151011, which has been published as Figure 10 of Curthoys et al (20). Reprinted from Ref.…”

Section: Physiological Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustained and Transient Vestibular Systems: A Physiological Basis for Interpreting Vestibular Function

et al. 2017

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Otolithic afferents with regular resting discharge respond to gravity or low-frequency linear accelerations, and we term these the static or sustained otolithic system. However, in the otolithic sense organs, there is anatomical differentiation across the maculae and corresponding physiological differentiation. A specialized band of receptors called the striola consists of mainly type I receptors whose hair bundles are weakly tethered to the overlying otolithic membrane. The afferent neurons, which form calyx synapses on type I striolar receptors, have irregular resting discharge and have low thresholds to high frequency (e.g., 500 Hz) bone-conducted vibration and air-conducted sound. High-frequency sound and vibration likely causes fluid displacement which deflects the weakly tethered hair bundles of the very fast type I receptors. Irregular vestibular afferents show phase locking, similar to cochlear afferents, up to stimulus frequencies of kilohertz. We term these irregular afferents the transient system signaling dynamic otolithic stimulation. A 500-Hz vibration preferentially activates the otolith irregular afferents, since regular afferents are not activated at intensities used in clinical testing, whereas irregular afferents have low thresholds. We show how this sustained and transient distinction applies at the vestibular nuclei. The two systems have differential responses to vibration and sound, to ototoxic antibiotics, to galvanic stimulation, and to natural linear acceleration, and such differential sensitivity allows probing of the two systems. A 500-Hz vibration that selectively activates irregular otolithic afferents results in stimulus-locked eye movements in animals and humans. The preparatory myogenic potentials for these eye movements are measured in the new clinical test of otolith function—ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials. We suggest 500-Hz vibration may identify the contribution of the transient system to vestibular controlled responses, such as vestibulo-ocular, vestibulo-spinal, and vestibulo-sympathetic responses. The prospect of particular treatments targeting one or the other of the transient or sustained systems is now being realized in the clinic by the use of intratympanic gentamicin which preferentially attacks type I receptors. We suggest that it is valuable to view vestibular responses by this sustained-transient distinction.

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Comparative assessment of Fgf's diverse roles in inner ear development: A zebrafish perspective

Riley

2021

Developmental Dynamics

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Progress in understanding mechanisms of inner ear development has been remarkably rapid in recent years. The research community has benefited from the availability of several diverse model organisms, including zebrafish, chick, and mouse. The complexity of the inner ear has proven to be a challenge, and the complexity of the mammalian cochlea in particular has been the subject of intense scrutiny. Zebrafish lack a cochlea and exhibit a number of other differences from amniote species, hence they are sometimes seen as less relevant for inner ear studies. However, accumulating evidence shows that underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms are often highly conserved. As a case in point, consideration of the diverse functions of Fgf and its downstream effectors reveals many similarities between vertebrate species, allowing meaningful comparisons the can benefit the entire research community. In this review, I will discuss mechanisms by which Fgf controls key events in early otic development in zebrafish and provide direct comparisons with chick and mouse.

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The response of guinea pig primary utricular and saccular irregular neurons to bone-conducted vibration (BCV) and air-conducted sound (ACS)

Cited by 103 publications

References 51 publications

The Skull Vibration-Induced Nystagmus Test of Vestibular Function—A Review

The Skull Vibration-Induced Nystagmus Test of Vestibular Function—A Review

Sustained and Transient Vestibular Systems: A Physiological Basis for Interpreting Vestibular Function

Comparative assessment of Fgf's diverse roles in inner ear development: A zebrafish perspective

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