“…Over the past thirty years, extensive research and development work on the design, analysis, testing and mechanical behavior of SC walls on the basis of previous research has been done in China, the United States, South Korea, the United Kingdom and Japan (Huang & Liew, 2016;Ji et al, 2013;Link & Elwi, 1995;Kim et al, 2009;Oduyemi & Wright, 1989;Ozaki et al, 2004). SC wall experiments have focused on in-plane shear loading (Anwar & Wright, 2004;Ozaki et al, 2004;Eom et al, 2009;Epackachi et al, 2013Epackachi et al, , 2015aVarma et al, 2014;Kurt et al, 2016;Seo et al, 2016), out-of-plane shear loading (Hong et al, 2010;Sener et al, 2013;Varma et al, 2014), axial compression loading (Fukumoto et al, 1987;Usami et al, 1995;Takeuchi et al, 1998;Wright, 1998;Choi & Han, 2009;Zhang et al, 2014;Huang & Liew, 2016), impact loading (Remennikov et al, 2013;Sohel & Liew, 2014;Zhao & Guo, 2018), and analysis and design for combined thermal and mechanical loading (Booth et al, 2007;Varma et al, 2009Varma et al, , 2011aEom et al, 2009;Epackachi et al, 2013Epackachi et al, , 2015a, and Kurt et al (2016) tested SC walls under cyclic lateral loading to investigate the load-carrying capacity, ductility, and the effects of varying wall type, wall thickness, cross-sectional shape, reinforcement ratio, stud spacing, tie bar spacing, and strengthening methods at the wa...…”