The Respiratory Toxicity of Chemical Warfare Agents

Sciuto, Alfred M.; Kodavanti, Urmila P.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800159-2.00036-1

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 154 publications

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“…According to (Prentiss, 1937), wartime exposure to chloropicrin causes dangerous gastrointestinal effects, such as diarrhea, colic and persistent nausea. As reported by (Sciuto & Kodavanti, 2015;O'Malley, 2010;Raman, 2014), chloropicrin is a potent lung and skin irritant.…”

Section: The Case Of Chloropicrinmentioning

confidence: 78%

Pesticides: An Overview of the Current Health Problems of Their Use

Leoci¹,

Ruberti²

2021

GEP

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The necessity to produce increasing quantities of food to meet the demand of ever-increasing populations has led to the massive use of pesticides in agriculture. Their massive consumption derives from the need to subtract food from competition of fungi, bacteria, and insects and agricultural land from the invasion of competing weeds. Modern agriculture floats on an ocean of synthetic chemical compounds used to crop protection and food preservation during storage. Presently, worldwide about 2000 active ingredients have been listed, categorized into about 60 classes of chemicals. In the world, the overall pesticides, used in agriculture, are about 4.1 million tonnes/years. The exposure of animals and humans to pesticides could be related to neurotoxicity, endocrine disruption, liver and kidney damage, cancer, reproductive effects (sperm abnormalities, decreased fertility, fetal growth retardation, birth defects, or spontaneous abortion), and growth modifications. However, the knowledge about their potential damage to the organs of reproduction, breastfeeding, and infants is still largely insufficient. It is necessary to improve new methods to identify and regulate the long-term safety of pesticides use, to protect the environment and health, and to eliminate the adverse effect of pesticides on the environment and non-target organisms. The assessment of possible risks of old and new pesticides must be increased to include the possible effects on reproduction on animals and pregnancy loss even after a long time. In the meantime, it is necessary to minimize the use of synthetic chemical compounds by increasing the use of biological systems.

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Section: The Case Of Chloropicrinmentioning

confidence: 78%

Pesticides: An Overview of the Current Health Problems of Their Use

Leoci¹,

Ruberti²

2021

GEP

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“…Death in the first 24 h after exposure is usually due to acute respiratory failure, as a result of the bronchial tree obstruction by these pseudomembranes and laryngospasm. However, death after the first 3 days is usually due to bacterial pneumonia [ 39 ]. In this regard, melatonin has been shown to protect mustard-induced lung toxicity [ 40 , 41 ] or in combination with other drugs [ 42 ].…”

Section: Target Organs and Acute Toxicity Of Blister Agents: Focus On Melatonin Therapy And Safety Profilementioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicology of Blister Agents: Is Melatonin a Potential Therapeutic Option?

et al. 2021

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Blister or vesicant chemical warfare agents (CWAs) have been widely used in different military conflicts, including World War I and the Iran-Iraq War. However, their mechanism of action is not fully understood. Sulfur and nitrogen mustard exert toxic effects not only through the alkylation of thiol-bearing macromolecules, such as DNA and proteins, but also produce free radicals that can develop direct toxic effects in target organs such as the eyes, skin, and respiratory system. The lack of effective treatments against vesicant CWAs-induced injury makes us consider, in this complex scenario, the use and development of melatonin-based therapeutic strategies. This multifunctional indoleamine could facilitate neutralization of the oxidative stress, modulate the inflammatory response, and prevent the DNA damage, as well as the long-term health consequences mediated by vesicant CWAs-induced epigenetic mechanisms. In this context, it would be essential to develop new galenic formulations for the use of orally and/or topically applied melatonin for the prophylaxis against vesicant CWAs, as well as the development of post-exposure treatments in the near future.

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“…22 Classifying V agents as non-vapor threat agents may not be entirely appropriate, as these agents can penetrate the airways if they adhere to dusts, mists, and fog particles, thereby causing significant effects. 100 Aside from portable GC-MS, chemical detection equipment currently employed in the field would not work well to detect or reliably identify these nerve agents, especially those with low volatility.…”

Section: Conclusion What Does the Future Hold?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Deploying Portable Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to Military Users for the Identification of Toxic Chemical Agents in Theater

Leary¹,

Kammrath

Lattman

et al. 2019

Appl Spectrosc

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The use of portable gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is an important capability that has been available commercially for almost 25 years. These systems have been used within a variety of different industries, including their extensive use by environmental scientists for the analysis of hazardous air pollutants. Recently, these systems were deployed to conventional military forces for use in theater to detect and identify toxic chemicals including chemical warfare agents (CWAs). The challenges of deploying such complex analytical instruments to these military users are unique. Among other things, these organizations have considerable and variable mission strains, complex and difficult logistics and coordination needs, and variability in user backgrounds. This review outlines the value portable GC-MS systems offer to these warfighters in theater, discusses some important aspects of the design of portable systems that makes their deployment to this type of end user possible, and proposes methods that can be used to overcome challenges to successful deployment of portable GC-MS to non-scientists working within hostile environments.

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The Respiratory Toxicity of Chemical Warfare Agents

Cited by 6 publications

References 154 publications

Pesticides: An Overview of the Current Health Problems of Their Use

Pesticides: An Overview of the Current Health Problems of Their Use

Toxicology of Blister Agents: Is Melatonin a Potential Therapeutic Option?

Deploying Portable Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to Military Users for the Identification of Toxic Chemical Agents in Theater

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