The respiratory system of <i>Halarachne halichoeri</i> (Halarachnidae: Gamasida: Anactinotrichida)

Pugh, Philip

doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1996.tb05452.x

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Tracheate arthropod parasites of deepdiving seals, for example, sucking lice (Echinophthiridae: Anoplura: Hexapoda) and nasal mites (Halarachnidae: Gamasida), have sealed spiracles (Kim 1975;Pugh 1996a), so the open spiracle of /. uriae and other Ixodidae are clearly not adapted to cope with pressure regimes encountered by diving penguins.…”

Section: Birdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Parasitic gamasid mites (see Table 1) include the Halarachnidae, in which the larva is the mobile dispersive phase and the adults are sedentary obligate haematophages of seals, to which they are attached viamodified ambulacra and/or chelicerae (Evans 1992;Pugh 1996a). The Rhinonyssidae have a similar parasitic relationship with sea birds, while the Laelapidae contain free-living/facultative parasites of introduced mammals or birds.…”

Section: (Jamasida = Mesostigmatamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, Antarctic fur seals, Arctocephalus gazella (Peters), are relatively shallow divers (mean depth, duration: 4.9-37.4 m, 0.37-1.44 min), while southern elephant seals, Mirounga leonina (L.), can dive to considerable depths for prolonged periods (mean depth, duration: 269-589 m, 16-37 min; maximum depth, duration: 1430 m, 120 min) (Boyd and others 1994;Slip and others 1994). Only two groups of arthropod parasites are transported by either seal: sucking lice (Echinophthiridae: Anoplura: Hexapoda) and nasal mites (Halarachnidae: Gamasida), both of which have highly modified respiratory systems to cope with the extreme pressures encountered during deep diving (Kim 1975;Pugh 1996a). The Halarachnidae includes only one species, Halarachne miroungae Ferris, which occurs throughout the Southern Ocean (Tables 1 and 4).…”

Section: Sealsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The penguin hosts of/, uriae are accomplished divers and have been recorded foraging below 20 m, for example 30-60 m in chinstrap and macaroni penguins (Pygoscelis antarctica Forster and Eudyptes chrysolophus Brandt), and 100-300 m in gentoo and king penguins (P. papua Forster and Aptenodytes patagonicus Miller) (data after Williams 1995). Tracheate arthropod parasites of deepdiving seals, for example, sucking lice (Echinophthiridae: Anoplura: Hexapoda) and nasal mites (Halarachnidae: Gamasida), have sealed spiracles (Kim 1975;Pugh 1996a), so the open spiracle of /. uriae and other Ixodidae are clearly not adapted to cope with pressure regimes encountered by diving penguins.…”

Section: Birdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Acarine colonisation of Antarctica and the islands of the Southern Ocean: the role of zoohoria

Pugh

1997

Polar Record

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A quarter of the terrestrial Acari recorded from Antarctica and the sub-Antarctic islands are parasitic haematophages or non-feeding phoretics associated with other larger and more mobile animals, especially sea birds and pterygote insects. Although flying sea birds are effective vectors of zoohoric mites into the region, penguins are not and merely serve as reservoir hosts. Similarly, most of the mites associated with insects were accidentally introduced by man as free-living adults that subsequently utilised a range of alien and indigenous insects as local dispersal mechanisms.

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Section: Birdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: (Jamasida = Mesostigmatamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sealsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Birdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Acarine colonisation of Antarctica and the islands of the Southern Ocean: the role of zoohoria

Pugh

1997

Polar Record

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Spiracle Structure in Ticks (Ixodida: Anactinotrichida: Arachnida): Résumé, Taxonomic and Functional Significance

Pugh

1997

Biological Reviews

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Spiracle and tracheal structure in the extant Ixodida is revised and shown to comprise  distinct component characters, some of which are common to all Anactinotrichida, while others are unique to the Ixodida or one of its six component clades of ((Argasidae Nuttalliellidae) (Prostriata Metastriata)). Structural variation both between and within families is based upon combinations of minor differences in the component characters, only one of which, spiracular position, proved to be incongruent within the most parsimonious cluster-and tree-analysis solutions. Tracheal airflow in ticks is mediated via passive diffusion gradients. In the argasid spiracle, both aeropyles and ostium are functional, although the latter is only opened briefly during infrequent periods of activity. The ixodid ostium is sealed and all gas exchange takes place via an enlarged sieveplate which reduces transpiration via small aeropyles, an underlying dense array of pedicels and possibly hygroscopic sub-atrial glands. Changes in spiracular morphology from a more ' ancestral ' argasid type to a more ' derived ' ixodid type are correlated with changes in tick behaviour, particularly with increased activity associated with the change from nidicoly to host-seeking.

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A pictorial key to the adult and larval nasal mites (Halarachnidae) of marine mammals

Shields,

Roth,

Pesapane

2024

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Mites in the family Halarachnidae are common endoparasites infesting the nasal tissues of a variety of marine mammals. These mites are easily transmissible and compromise the health of their hosts, especially in captive environments. While these mites are noted by marine mammal caretakers, they may easily be misidentified due to repeated revisions to halarachnid mite taxonomy and reclassification of misidentified specimens. Species identification currently requires multiple taxonomic keys, knowledge of revisions to species classifications through time, and training in acarology, which is impractical for marine mammal clinicians. Therefore, to summarize the known taxonomy and aid in future identification of halarachnid mites, we present a pictorial key composed of illustrations based on existing literature and images obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-resolution light microscopy (LM). Illustrations are organized into flow charts for the identification of both adult and larval stages. Dorsal shield silhouettes are also provided to facilitate the identification of adults. We hope that this key be used to simplify future taxonomic research, provide a standard for species identification, and aid in the diagnosis of halarachnid infestations in captive and rehabilitated marine mammal populations.

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The respiratory system of Halarachne halichoeri (Halarachnidae: Gamasida: Anactinotrichida)

Cited by 3 publications

References 31 publications

Acarine colonisation of Antarctica and the islands of the Southern Ocean: the role of zoohoria

Acarine colonisation of Antarctica and the islands of the Southern Ocean: the role of zoohoria

Spiracle Structure in Ticks (Ixodida: Anactinotrichida: Arachnida): Résumé, Taxonomic and Functional Significance

A pictorial key to the adult and larval nasal mites (Halarachnidae) of marine mammals

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