The Research Progress of Exosomes in Osteoarthritis, With Particular Emphasis on the Mediating Roles of miRNAs and lncRNAs

Abstract

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a kind of degenerative disease, which is caused by many factors such as aging, obesity, strain, trauma, congenital joint abnormalities, joint deformities. Exosomes are mainly derived from the invagination of intracellular lysosomes, which are released into the extracellular matrix after fusion of the outer membrane of multi vesicles with the cell membrane. Exosomes mediate intercellular communication and regulate the biological activity of receptor cells by carrying non-coding RNA, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), proteins and lipids. Evidences show that exosomes are involved in the pathogenesis of OA. In view of the important roles of exosomes in OA, this paper systematically reviewed the roles of exosomes in the pathogenesis of OA, including the roles of exosomes in OA diagnosis, the regulatory mechanisms of exosomes in the pathogenesis, and the intervention roles of exosomes in the treatment of OA. Reviewing the roles of exosomes in OA will help to clarify the pathogenesis of OA and explore new diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

“…EVs can carry β -Amyloid, prion, and α -synuclein, thus spread disease-causing proteins in the brain, which may be involved in Alzheimer’s disease progression ( Nath et al, 2012 ; Arellano-Anaya et al, 2015 ; Lööv et al, 2016 ). Evidence shows that EV-associated miRNAs and lncRNAs play essential roles in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA), including OA diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment ( Maehara et al, 2021 ; Miao et al, 2021 ). In addition, EVs are involved in many physiological processes, such as intracellular communication, signal transduction, transport of genetic materials, and modulation of immune response ( Natasha et al, 2014 ).…”

The role of ceRNA-mediated diagnosis and therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma

“…Noncoding RNA (ncRNA) can be divided into two major categories: long ncRNA and short ncRNA according to whether the length is greater than 200 nucleotides. It can also be subdivided into long no coding RNA (lncRNA), circular RNA (circRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), microRNA (miRNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA), and small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) [ 24 – 27 ], etc. Among them, lncRNA and miRNA mainly mediate post-transcriptional regulation, the dysregulation of which was found associated with many malignant tumors [ 28 ].…”

Exosomes as a New Delivery Vehicle in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

“…Third, the relationship between milk exosomes and IBD pathology reveals the milkexosome-intestine-IBD axis relationship, which has important reference value for the treatment of diseases with a milk diet. Intestinal inflammation, imbalance of intestinal microbiota, and enhanced intestinal leakage are not only related to intestinal diseases but also to the characteristics of many other systemic inflammatory diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and systemic sclerosis [120]. Milkderived exosomes may be a potential therapeutic strategy with which to regulate intestinal inflammation.…”