The Renal Effects of Vanadate Exposure: Potential Biomarkers and Oxidative Stress as a Mechanism of Functional Renal Disorders—Preliminary Studies

Abstract

The alterations in the levels/activities of selected biomarkers for detecting kidney toxicity and in the levels of some oxidative stress (OS) markers and elements were studied in male rats to evaluate biochemically the degree of kidney damage, investigate the role of OS in the mechanism of functional renal disorders, reveal potential biomarkers of renal function, and assess the renal mineral changes in the conditions of a 12-week sodium metavanadate (SMV, 0.125 mg V/mL) exposure. The results showed that OS is involved in the mechanism underlying the development of SMV-induced functional renal disturbances. They also suggest that the urinary cystatin C (CysCu) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1u) could be the most appropriate to evaluate renal function at the conditions of SMV intoxication when the fluid intake, excreted urinary volume (EUV), body weight (BW), and the urinary creatinine excretion (Creu) decreased. The use of such tests as the urinary lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyltranspeptidase, and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (LDHu, ALPu, GGTPu, and NAGu) seems not to be valid given their reduced activities. The use of only traditional biomarkers of renal function in these conditions may, in turn, be insufficient because their alterations are greatly influenced by the changes in the fluid intake and/or BW.

Effects of vanadium (V) and magnesium (Mg) on rat bone tissue: mineral status and micromorphology. Consequences of V–Mg interactions

“…Simultaneously, our results allowed us to state that exposure to SMV (0.125 mg V per ml) may induce disturbances in the K FD and Zn FD concentrations ( Fig. 64 The mechanism of increased deposition of Zn FD found in the SMV-intoxicated rats is also unknown. On the other hand, we revealed that antagonistic interaction between V and Mg (Fig.…”

“…After removal of the overlying tissue with stainless steel knives, the femurs were washed in 0.9% NaCl, weighed, and stored frozen at À80 1C in a deep freezer HFU 486 Basic § (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Germany) until the time of mineralization and profilometric studies. 54,64 Only the limits of detection (DL, LOD) for elements investigated in the rats' femur and the values determined by us in the selected bone Certified Reference Material (CRM), the analysis of which confirmed the reliability of the proposed approach, not mentioned previously, have been added in the present report and placed in the Results section. 21 1C) obtained from an ultra-pure HLP Spring 5R water system § (Hydrolab, Poland) to separate the proximal and distal femoral epiphysis (PFE and DFE, respectively, regions of the trabecular bone) from FD (a region of the cortical bone).…”

“…On the other hand, we revealed that antagonistic interaction between V and Mg (Fig. 64 Moreover, analysis conducted in order to determine whether the exposure to SMV alone (at the selected level) may produce differences in the activity of ALP in bone, sufficient to account for differences in the Zn FD concentration, did not show any significant changes in the activity of ALP FD in the SMVexposed rats (Fig. Taking into account our present (this report) and previous 64 results we may not exclude that the SMVinduced depletion of K from the rat's femur might partly lead to elevation of the level of K in the plasma of those animals.…”

“…64 2.5 Decomposition of FD for the measurements of V, Mg, Ca, Fe, Zn, Cu, K, and Na by the AAS method the FD digestion have already been provided by us previously. After removal of the overlying tissue with stainless steel knives, the femurs were washed in 0.9% NaCl, weighed, and stored frozen at À80 1C in a deep freezer HFU 486 Basic § (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Germany) until the time of mineralization and profilometric studies.…”

Vanadium: Risks and possible benefits in the light of a comprehensive overview of its pharmacotoxicological mechanisms and multi-applications with a summary of further research trends

“…7). In addition, V can reduce the thiol status [49,59], release some transition metals [60], interact with other elements [49,53,61], and accumulate in certain internal organs including the liver and kidneys [46,56,[62][63][64] evoking hepato-and nephrotoxic effects, respectively ( Fig. 7).…”