The removal of phospholipid from crude rapeseed oil by enzyme-membrane binding

Membrane Technologies in the Oil Industry and Their Potential Application for the Recovery of Phytonutrients From Palm Oil

“…Degumming. Studies of the microfiltration process for Pl removal in CPO are few, although other edible oils, have been studied (Bassam et al, 2001;2004;Hafidi et al, 2005;Hou et al, 2020). Edible oil refinement involves degumming, neutralisation/ deacidification, bleaching, and deodourisation to remove FFA, Pl, pigments and other compounds that affect the physicochemical quality, appearance, taste, functionality, and shelf life (Figure 3) (Doshi and Shah, 2018).…”

“…Likewise, in soybean oil extraction, organic solvents such as hexane increase the probability of reverse micelle formation due to the surfactant nature of Pl (Hou et al, 2020). These micelles can reach MW of 20 000 Da or more (Boynueğri et al, 2017), which simplifies the separation process by membrane technology.…”

“…Under traditional refining conditions, these micelles are removed by centrifugation (Hou et al, 2020) but due to the high energy consumption of this process, membrane technologies have become an alternative method for removing these molecules (Doshi and Shah, 2018;Hou et al, 2020). Microfiltration is an excellent option because it performs solid-liquid separation (Baker, 2012a).…”

“…According to databases, the application of membrane technologies for degumming processes has been maintained over time and is considered an effective method for these processes. Another microfiltration application is FFA and peroxide removal (Hou et al, 2020).…”

“…In recent years, the use of synthetic membranes has increased, and these include polyethersulfone (PES) (Ariono et al, 2018), polyamide (PA), polysulfone (PS), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyimide (PI), PAN, and zirconium dioxide-ZnO 2 (ceramic). However, these membranes have primarily been used in microfiltration processes (Hou et al, 2020;Mestre et al, 2019;Roy et al, 2014). Synthetic membranes outperform organic membranes because difficulties are encountered with organic membranes under operating conditions, especially the prolonged use of organic solvents, which reduces the stability and, therefore, mechanical resistance (Hou et al, 2020).…”