The remote sensing of radiative forcing by light-absorbing particles (LAPs) in seasonal snow over northeastern China

Pu, Weihua; Cui, Jiecan; Shi, Tenglong; Zhang, Xuelei; He, Cenlin; Wang, Xin

doi:10.5194/acp-19-9949-2019

Cited by 24 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…In NA, Qian et al (2009) provided an estimate of 3-7 W m −2 for the central Rockies and southern Alberta in March, while Oaida et al (2015) reported an average RFLS of 16 W m −2 over the western US in spring. Finally, Qian et al (2014) and Qi et al (2017) estimated RFLS values of < 0.3 and 0.024-0.39 W m −2 for the Arctic in April, respectively. We consider our retrievals for NEC to be comparable with these regional model simulations, despite some disparity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Satellite-based radiative forcing by light-absorbing particles in snow across the Northern Hemisphere

et al. 2021

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Abstract. Snow is the most reflective natural surface on Earth and consequently plays an important role in Earth's climate. Light-absorbing particles (LAPs) deposited on the snow surface can effectively decrease snow albedo, resulting in positive radiative forcing. In this study, we used remote-sensing data from NASA's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the Snow, Ice, and Aerosol Radiative (SNICAR) model to quantify the reduction in snow albedo due to LAPs before validating and correcting the data against in situ observations. We then incorporated these corrected albedo-reduction data in the Santa Barbara DISORT (Discrete Ordinate Radiative Transfer) Atmospheric Radiative Transfer (SBDART) model to estimate Northern Hemisphere radiative forcing except for midlatitude mountains in December–May for the period 2003–2018. Our analysis reveals an average corrected reduction in snow albedo (ΔαMODIS,correctedLAPs) of ∼ 0.021 under all-sky conditions, with daily radiative forcing (RFMODIS,dailyLAPs) values of ∼ 2.9 W m−2, over land areas with complete or near-complete snow cover and with little or no vegetation above the snow in the Northern Hemisphere. We also observed significant spatial variations in ΔαMODIS,correctedLAPs and RFMODIS,dailyLAPs, with the lowest respective values (∼ 0.016 and ∼ 2.6 W m−2) occurring in the Arctic and the highest (∼ 0.11 and ∼ 12 W m−2) in northeastern China. From MODIS retrievals, we determined that the LAP content of snow accounts for 84 % and 70 % of the spatial variability in albedo reduction and radiative forcing, respectively. We also compared retrieved radiative forcing values with those of earlier studies, including local-scale observations, remote-sensing retrievals, and model-based estimates. Ultimately, estimates of radiative forcing based on satellite-retrieved data are shown to represent true conditions on both regional and global scales.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Satellite-based radiative forcing by light-absorbing particles in snow across the Northern Hemisphere

et al. 2021

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“…Previous observations have revealed that lightabsorbing particles (LAPs; e.g., black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC), and mineral dust) within snow may reduce snow albedo and enhance the absorption of solar radiation (Hadley and Kirchstetter, 2012). As a result, LAPs play a major role in the alteration of snow morphology and snowmelt processes and therefore yield important effects on local hydrological cycles and global climate (Qian et al, 2009). Given the importance of the climate feedback caused by LAPs in snow, studies have developed snow radiative models and sought to improve our understanding of the influence of LAP-contaminated snow on climate.…”

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confidence: 99%

Enhancement of snow albedo reduction and radiative forcing due to coated black carbon in snow

Shi

Cui

et al. 2021

The Cryosphere

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Abstract. When black carbon (BC) is mixed internally with other atmospheric particles, the BC light absorption effect is enhanced. This study explicitly resolved the optical properties of coated BC in snow based on the core / shell Mie theory and the Snow, Ice, and Aerosol Radiative (SNICAR) model. Our results indicated that the BC coating effect enhances the reduction in snow albedo by a factor ranging from 1.1–1.8 for a nonabsorbing shell and 1.1–1.3 for an absorbing shell, depending on the BC concentration, snow grain radius, and core / shell ratio. We developed parameterizations of the BC coating effect for application to climate models, which provides a convenient way to accurately estimate the climate impact of BC in snow. Finally, based on a comprehensive set of in situ measurements across the Northern Hemisphere, we determined that the contribution of the BC coating effect to snow light absorption exceeds that of dust over northern China. Notably, high enhancements of snow albedo reduction due to the BC coating effect were found in the Arctic and Tibetan Plateau, suggesting a greater contribution of BC to the retreat of Arctic sea ice and Tibetan glaciers.

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“…High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) interfaced with soft electrospray ionization (ESI) can help to decipher the complexity of WSOC, providing an explicit description of its individual molecular components (Qi et al, 2020). Thousands of individual organic species with unambiguously identified elemental compositions can be detected at once by ESI-HRMS due to its high mass resolving power, mass accuracy, and dynamic range (Nizkorodov et al, 2011;Noziere et al, 2015).…”

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Measurement report: Molecular composition, optical properties, and radiative effects of water-soluble organic carbon in snowpack samples from northern Xinjiang, China

et al. 2021

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Abstract. Water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in the cryosphere has an important impact on the biogeochemistry cycling and snow–ice surface energy balance through changes in the surface albedo. This work reports on the chemical characterization of WSOC in 28 representative snowpack samples collected across a regional area of northern Xinjiang, northwestern China. We employed multimodal analytical chemistry techniques to investigate both bulk and molecular-level composition of WSOC and its optical properties, informing the follow-up radiative forcing (RF) modeling estimates. Based on the geographic differences and proximity of emission sources, the snowpack collection sites were grouped as urban/industrial (U), rural/remote (R), and soil-influenced (S) sites, for which average WSOC total mass loadings were measured as 1968 ± 953 ng g−1 (U), 885 ± 328 ng g−1 (R), and 2082 ± 1438 ng g−1 (S), respectively. The S sites showed the higher mass absorption coefficients at 365 nm (MAC365) of 0.94 ± 0.31 m2 g−1 compared to those of U and R sites (0.39 ± 0.11 m2 g−1 and 0.38 ± 0.12 m2 g−1, respectively). Bulk composition of WSOC in the snowpack samples and its basic source apportionment was inferred from the excitation–emission matrices and the parallel factor analysis featuring relative contributions of one protein-like (PRLIS) and two humic-like (HULIS-1 and HULIS-2) components with ratios specific to each of the S, U, and R sites. Additionally, a sample from site 120 showed unique pollutant concentrations and spectroscopic features remarkably different from all other U, R, and S samples. Molecular-level characterization of WSOC using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) provided further insights into chemical differences among four types of samples (U, R, S, and 120). Specifically, many reduced-sulfur-containing species with high degrees of unsaturation and aromaticity were uniquely identified in U samples, suggesting an anthropogenic source. Aliphatic/protein-like species showed the highest contribution in R samples, indicating their biogenic origin. The WSOC components from S samples showed high oxygenation and saturation levels. A few unique CHON and CHONS compounds with high unsaturation degree and molecular weight were detected in the 120 sample, which might be anthraquinone derivatives from plant debris. Modeling of the WSOC-induced RF values showed warming effects of 0.04 to 0.59 W m−2 among different groups of sites, which contribute up to 16 % of that caused by black carbon (BC), demonstrating the important influences of WSOC on the snow energy budget.

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The remote sensing of radiative forcing by light-absorbing particles (LAPs) in seasonal snow over northeastern China

Cited by 24 publications

References 81 publications

Satellite-based radiative forcing by light-absorbing particles in snow across the Northern Hemisphere

Satellite-based radiative forcing by light-absorbing particles in snow across the Northern Hemisphere

Enhancement of snow albedo reduction and radiative forcing due to coated black carbon in snow

Measurement report: Molecular composition, optical properties, and radiative effects of water-soluble organic carbon in snowpack samples from northern Xinjiang, China

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