The reliving experience in Vietman veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder

Hendin, Herbert; Haas, Ann Pollinger; Singer, Paul R.; Houghton, William; Schwartz, M.; Wallen, V. R.

doi:10.1016/0010-440x(84)90005-1

Cited by 29 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…(1) combat exposure (e.g., Archibald et al, 1962;Archibald and Tuddenham, 1965;Breslau and Davis, 1987;Brill and Beebe, 1955;Card, 1983;Egendorf et al, 1981;Elder and Clipp, 1989;Foy et al, 1984;Futterman and Pumpian-Mindlin, 1951;Gallers et al, 1988;Goldberg et al, 1988;Green et aL, 1990a;Hendin et aL, 1984;Kulka et aL, 1988;Laufer et al, 1984;Swank, 1949;True et aL, 1988;Wilson and Krauss, 1985); and…”

Section: War Zone Experiencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A causal model of the etiology of war‐related PTSD

Fontana

Rosenheck

1993

Journal of Traumatic Stress

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Section: War Zone Experiencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(2) witnessing or participating in abusive violence (Archibald et al, 1962;Breslau and Davis, 1987;Futterman and Pumpian-Mindlin, 1951;Gallers et aL, 1988;Green et aL, 1990a;Hendin et aL, 1984;Kulka et al, 1988;Laufer et aL, 1984;Yehuda et aL, 1992).…”

Section: War Zone Experiencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A causal model of the etiology of war‐related PTSD

Fontana

Rosenheck

1993

Journal of Traumatic Stress

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“…The assertion that stress can cause amnesia for autobiographical content is consistent with reports of trauma-induced amnesia dating back at least to the time of James (1884), Janet (1889Janet ( , 1893Janet ( , 1909, and Charcot (1887). Partial or complete amnesia has been reported by a substantial number of people following combat exposure, torture, kidnapping, experience in concentration camps, murder, and physical or sexual abuse (Archibald & Tuddenham, 1956;Briere & Conte, 1993;Burkett & Bruno, 1993;Elliot & Briere, 1995;Goldield, Mollica, Pesavento, & Faraone, 1988;Grinker & Spiegel, 1945;Hendin, Haas, & Singer, 1984;Herman & Schatzow, 1987;Kardiner, 1941;Kinzie, 1993;Kubie, 1943;Loftus, Polensky, & Fullilove, 1994;Madakasira & O'Brian, 1987;Myers, 1940;Niedefland, 1968;Sargeant & Slater, 1941;D. L. Schacter, 1986;Sonnenberg, Blank, & Talbot, 1985;Southard, 1919;Thom& Fenton, 1920;van der Kolk & Kadish, 1987;Wilkinson, 1983;Williams 1994Williams , 1995.…”

Section: From Disaggregated To Re-aggregated (Recovered) Memoriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurobiology of reconstructed memory.

Jacobs¹,

Nadel²

1998

Psychology, Public Policy, and Law

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The authors present evidence that normal autobiographical memories and "recovered" autobiographical memories of long-forgotten traumatic events are produced by the same mechanisms. The basic process involves the parallel storage of information in a set of independent modules, the selective retrieval and reaggregation of this dispersed information within an appropriate spatiotemporal context, and the organization of this aggregate by a narrative. The result is a seamless blend of retrieved information (that which is recalled) and knowledge (that which is inferred) experienced as an autobiographical memory. The critical difference between normal and recovered memories, by this account, is the impact of trauma on the storage process: The physiological consequences of trauma can include a disabling of the neural module responsible for encoding the appropriate spatiotemporal context. Recovered memory involves retrieval of memory fragments, confabulation (innocent or not) driven by inference, and the fitting of a context to this incomplete aggregate. This too is experienced as an autobiographical memory. The implications of this view for estimating the veridicality of recovered memories are discussed.Background

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“…Sargeant and Slater (1941) observed the presence of significant amnesia in 144 out of 1,000 consecutively admitted combat soldiers to the Sutton Emergency Hospital during the Second World War. Amnesias have been reported in other studies of combat soldiers as well (Archibald & Tuddenham 1956;Grinker & Spiegel 1945;Hendin, Haas & Singer 1984;Kardiner 1941;Kubie 1943;Myers 1915;Sonnenberg, Blank & Talbott 1985;Southard 1919;Thom & Fenton 1920), and in victims of kidnapping, torture and concentration camp experiences (Goldfield, Mollica, Pesavento & Faraone 1988;Kinzie 1993;Niederland 1968), in victims of physical and sexual abuse (Briere & Conte 1993;Janet 1893;Loftus, Polensky & Fullilove 1994;Williams 1994), and in people who have committed murder (Schacter 1986). A recent general population study by Elliott (1994) reported complete or partial traumatic amnesia after virtually every form traumatic experience, with childhood sexual abuse, witnessing murder or suicide of a family member, and combat exposure yielding the highest rates.…”

Section: Amnesias and The Return Of Traumatic Memoriesmentioning

confidence: 63%

Dissociation and the Fragmentary Nature of Traumatic Memories: Overview

Kolk¹,

Fisler²

1996

Brit J Psychotherapy

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The nature and reliability of traumatic memories have been controversial issues in psychiatry for over a century. Traumatic memories are difficult to study, since the profoundly upsetting emotional experiences that may give rise to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other trauma related outcomes cannot be approximated in a laboratory setting. For example, even viewing a movie depicting actual executions failed to precipitate post-traumatic symptoms in normal college students (Pitman, personal communication, 1994). If trauma is defined as the experience of an inescapable stressful event that overwhelms one's existing coping mechanisms, it is questionable whether findings of memory distortions in normal subjects exposed to videotaped stresses in the laboratory can serve as meaningful guides to understanding traumatic memories. Clearly, there is little similarity between viewing a simulated car accident on a TV screen, and being the responsible driver in a car crash in which one's own children are killed. While stress evokes homeostatic mechanisms that lead to self-conservation and resource-re-allocation (e.g. Selye 1956), PTSD involves a unique combination of learned conditioning, problems modulating arousal, and shattered meaning propositions. Shalev (1995) has proposed that this complexity is best understood as the co-occurrence of several interlocking pathogenic processes including (a) an alteration of neurobiological processes affecting stimulus discrimination (expressed as increased arousal and decreased attention), (b) the acquisition of conditioned fear responses to trauma-related stimuli, and (c) altered cognitive schemata and social apprehension.Without the option of inflicting actual trauma in the laboratory, there are limited options for the exploration of traumatic memories. These include collecting retrospective reports from traumatized individuals, post-hoc observations, and provoking, then studying, traumatic memories and flashbacks in people with PTSD. Surprisingly, since the early part of this century, there have been very few published studies that systematically explore the nature of traumatic memories based on detailed patient reports. Provocation studies of traumatic memories in the laboratory have examined psychophysiologic responses to visual or auditory stimuli (e.g. Pitman, Orr, Forgue, de Jong & Claiborn 1987; Rauch et al. 1995), and biological agents have been shown to promote access to trauma-related memories as well (Rainey et al. 1987;Southwick et al. 1993). This paper will first review studies of people's memories of highly stressful and of traumatic experiences, focusing on the differences between recollections of these two types of events. We will then review the evidence for dissociation as the central pathogenic mechanism that gives rise to PTSD. Finally, the results of a systematic exploratory study of 46 subjects who reported on their memories of childhood or adult trauma are presented and discussed.

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The reliving experience in Vietman veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder

Cited by 29 publications

References 13 publications

A causal model of the etiology of war‐related PTSD

A causal model of the etiology of war‐related PTSD

Neurobiology of reconstructed memory.

Dissociation and the Fragmentary Nature of Traumatic Memories: Overview

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