The Reliability, Validity, and Normative Data of Interpupillary Distance and Pupil Diameter Using Eye-Tracking Technology

Murray, Nicholas P.; Hunfalvay, Melissa; Bolte, Takumi

doi:10.1167/tvst.6.4.2

Cited by 29 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(40 reference statements)

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“…Eye movements were evaluated with a commercially available eye tracker (RightEye) consisting of a 24-inch 3-dimensional vision monitor fitted with a System Management Interface 12-inch remote eye tracker (NVIDIA) connected to a gaming system (Alienware) and a wireless keyboard and mouse (Logitech). 38 The eye tracker has a 120 Hz temporal resolution and an accuracy of 0.4°. The testing procedure lasted 12 minutes and produced 42 variables related to SPEM, saccades, dynamic visual acuity, and reaction time (eTable 1 in the Supplement ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Classification of Comprehensive Neuro-Ophthalmologic Measures of Postacute Concussion

et al. 2021

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IMPORTANCE Symptom-based methods of concussion diagnosis in contact sports result in underdiagnosis and repeated head injury exposure, increasing the risk of long-term disability. Measures of neuro-ophthalmologic (NO) function have the potential to serve as objective aids, but their diagnostic utility is unknown. OBJECTIVE To identify NO measures that accurately differentiate athletes with and without concussion. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cohort study was conducted among athletes with and without concussion who were aged 17 to 22 years between 2016 and 2017. Eye movements and cognitive function were measured a median of 19 days after injury among patients who had an injury meeting the study definition of concussion while playing a sport (retrospectively selected from a concussion clinic), then compared with a control group of participants without concussion (enrolled from 104 noncontact collegiate athlete volunteers without prior head injury). Data analysis was conducted from November 2019 through May 2020. EXPOSURE Concussion. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Classification accuracy of clinically important discriminator eye-tracking (ET) metrics. Participants' eye movements were evaluated with a 12-minute ET procedure, yielding 42 metrics related to smooth pursuit eye movement (SPEM), saccades, dynamic visual acuity, and reaction time. Clinically important discriminator metrics were defined as those with significantly different group differences and area under the receiver operator characteristic curves (AUROCs) of at least 0.70. RESULTS A total of 34 participants with concussions (mean [SD] age, 19.7 [2.4] years; 20 [63%] men) and 54 participants without concussions (mean [SD] age, 20.8 [2.2] years; 31 [57%] men) completed the study. Six ET metrics (ie, simple reaction time, discriminate reaction time, discriminate visual reaction speed, choice visual reaction speed, and reaction time on 2 measures of dynamic visual acuity 2) were found to be clinically important; all were measures of reaction time, and none were related to SPEM. Combined, these 6 metrics had an AUROC of 0.90 (95% CI, 0.80-0.99), a sensitivity of 77.8%, and a specificity of 92.6%. The 6 metrics remained significant on sensitivity testing. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this study, ET measures of slowed visual reaction time had high classification accuracy for concussion. Accurate, objective measures of NO function have the potential to improve concussion recognition and reduce the disability associated with underdiagnosis.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Classification of Comprehensive Neuro-Ophthalmologic Measures of Postacute Concussion

et al. 2021

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“…Considering the comparison of the IPD results, the mean IPD of the Azerbaijani population was greater than that of the Turkish population and was also generally greater than that of other populations [9,10,12,17,19,21].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…Other optical tools that can be used to measure IPD include 3D digital photoshoots, the Optical Vernier PD Ruler (Fig. 3), and infrared eye trackers [8,9,10,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison of interpupillary distances between Turkish and Azerbaijani populations

Şahbaz¹

2020

Preprint

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Background: Differences in far interpupillary distance (IPD) in Turkish and Azerbaijani adults of the same ethnic background from different age groups were examined to investigate the effects of ethnicity, genetics, geography, and environmental factors on IPD. Methods: A total of 1,400 healthy individuals aged ≥18 years were enrolled. The far IPD of each individual was determined in both communities. IPD data for 700 subjects in Azerbaijan and 700 subjects in Turkey was analyzed. Males and females were divided into six age ranges: 18–24, 25–34, 35–44, 45–54, 55–64, and ≥65 years. Far IPD data in Turkey and Azerbaijan was collected using two types of autorefractometers: Topcon RM 8800 and Topcon TRK-2P.Results: The mean age of the 700 subjects in Turkey was 44.5 ± 17.6 years. The mean IPD was 62.1 ± 3.7 mm. The mean IPD in females was 61 mm, which was less than males (63 mm) (P < 0.05). The mean age of the 700 Azerbaijani subjects was 44.0 ± 15.6 years. The mean IPD of the subjects was 65.0 ± 3.1 mm. The mean IPD (64 mm) in females was significantly lower than the mean IPD (66 mm) in males (P < 0.05). Differences in IPD between age groups in both communities were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The mean IPD in all age groups in the Azerbaijani population was greater than that of the Turkish population. Compared with other ethnic groups, the mean IPD in the Azerbaijani population was remarkably high.Conclusions: When mean far IPD values in individuals aged ≥18 years in the Azerbaijani and Turkish populations were compared, statistically significant differences were observed. In Azerbaijani Turks, mean IPD values in both males and females were greater than those observed in the Turkish population in all age groups. The mean IPD values of the Azerbaijani population were greater than those of other ethnic groups when classified by both age and sex. As well as ethnicity, geographical and environmental factors influenced far IPD values.

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“…The research found a mean pupil diameter of 5.39 ± 1.04 mm at 0 cd/m 2 , 5.20 ± 1.00 mm at 0.5 cd/m 2 , 4.70 ± 0.97 mm at 4 cd/m 2 , 3.74 ± 0.78 mm at 32 cd/m 2 , and 2.84 ± 0.50 mm at 250 cd/m 2 and decreasing pupil size with increasing age. Moreover, a different research evaluated reliability of pupil diameter measurement in 416 healthy participants across diverse demographics with the mean age of 42 ± 8.7 years and the age range from 18 to 73 years (39). The research used an infrared eye tracking technique with a 2D monitor with 85 cd/m 2 luminance in a room at 344 cd/m 2 luminance level, revealing that the mean pupil diameter was 3.53 ± 0.26 mm for right eye and 3.54 ± 0.28 mm for left eye and that the test-to-test reliability was strong.…”

Section: Pupillary Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Saccadic Eye Movements With Head-Mounted Display Virtual Reality Technology

2020

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The Reliability, Validity, and Normative Data of Interpupillary Distance and Pupil Diameter Using Eye-Tracking Technology

Cited by 29 publications

References 27 publications

Classification of Comprehensive Neuro-Ophthalmologic Measures of Postacute Concussion

Classification of Comprehensive Neuro-Ophthalmologic Measures of Postacute Concussion

A comparison of interpupillary distances between Turkish and Azerbaijani populations

Assessing Saccadic Eye Movements With Head-Mounted Display Virtual Reality Technology

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