“…First, although participants’ reports were gathered using procedures known to enhance the accuracy of reports (e.g., informing participants of confidentiality, using clinically trained interviewers (Maisto, McKay, & Connors, 1990), they were not corroborated with another data source. However, several studies have shown that women’s self-reports of their pre-pregnancy alcohol use are reliable (Alvik, Haldorsen, Groholt, & Lindemann, 2006; Fox, Sexton, Hebel, & Thompson, 1989). Further, one study has shown that women give higher reports of their alcohol use compared to collateral reports (Chang, Goetz, Wilkins-Haug, & Berman, 1999).…”