The Reliability of Calendar Data for Reporting Contraceptive Use: Evidence from Rural Bangladesh

Callahan, Rebecca L.; Becker, Stan

doi:10.1111/j.1728-4465.2012.00319.x

Cited by 39 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(51 reference statements)

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“…Lastly, this analysis uses women’s self-report of the timing of their pregnancies in the 5 years prior to interview. While interviewers use cues to improve the accuracy of these self-reports, 38 as with any study that involves recall, this study is subject to bias. A study in Bangladesh found that women who have experienced the highest numbers of pregnancies over the recall period may be least likely to accurately report those pregnancies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intimate partner violence and pregnancy spacing: results from a meta-analysis of individual participant time-to-event data from 29 low-and-middle-income countries

et al. 2018

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IntroductionInadequately spaced pregnancies, defined as pregnancies fewer than 18 months apart, are linked to maternal, infant, and child morbidity and mortality, and adverse social, educational and economic outcomes in later life for women and children. Quantifying the relation between intimate partner violence (IPV) and women’s ability to space and time their pregnancies is an important part of understanding the burden of disease related to IPV.MethodsWe applied Cox proportional hazards models to monthly data from the Demographic and Health Surveys’ Reproductive Health Calendar to compare interpregnancy intervals for women who experienced physical, sexual and/or emotional IPV in 29 countries. We conducted a one-stage meta-analysis to identify the periods when women who experienced IPV were at the highest risk of unintended and incident pregnancy, and a two-stage meta-analysis to explore cross-country variations in the magnitude of the relation between women’s experience of IPV and pregnancy spacing.ResultsFor the one-stage analysis, considering 52 959 incident pregnancies from 90 446 women, which represented 232 394 person-years at risk, women’s experience of IPV was associated with a 51% increase in the risk of pregnancy (95% CI 1.38 to 1.66), although this association decreased over time. When limiting our inference to unintended pregnancies that resulted in live births, women’s experience of IPV was associated with a 30% increase in the risk of unintended pregnancy (95% CI 1.25 to 1.34; n=13 541 pregnancies, 92 848 women, 310 319 person-years at risk). In the two-stage meta-analyses, women’s experience of IPV was associated with a 13% increase in the probability of incident pregnancy (95% CI 1.07 to 1.20) and a 28% increase in the likelihood of unintended pregnancy (95% CI 1.19 to 1.38).ConclusionsAcross countries, women’s experience of IPV is associated with a reduction in time between pregnancies and an increase in the risk of unintended pregnancy; the magnitude of this effect varied by country and over time.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intimate partner violence and pregnancy spacing: results from a meta-analysis of individual participant time-to-event data from 29 low-and-middle-income countries

et al. 2018

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“…Although calendar data do not suffer from the problem of loss-to-follow-up, there is a selection bias as only women who survive until the interview can report, and there are likely to be recall issues. One study from Bangladesh found poor consistency between reports given in a baseline interview and reports given in a follow-up survey in which women were asked to describe retrospectively their contraceptive use during the month covered by the baseline survey; 7 consistency was especially poor for women with complex reproductive histories. Single-country studies on contraceptive discontinuation and switching, based on data from sources other than demographic and health surveys, are uncommon because such data tend to be difficult to collect and analyse.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using patient-held records to evaluate contraceptive use in Malawi

Dasgupta

Ngwalo

Branson

et al. 2015

Bull. World Health Organ.

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ObjectiveTo investigate a method of using patient-held records to collect contraception data in Malawi, that could be used to explore contraceptive discontinuation and method switching.MethodsIn 2012, all 7393 women aged 15 to 49 years living in the area covered by the Karonga demographic surveillance site were offered a family planning card, which was attached to the woman’s health passport – a patient-held medical record. Health-care providers were trained to use the cards to record details of contraception given to women. During the study, providers underwent refresher training sessions and received motivational text messages to improve data completeness. After one year, the family planning cards were collected for analysis.FindingsOf the 7393 eligible women, 6861 (92.8%) received a family planning card and 4678 (63.3%) returned it after one year. Details of 87.3% (2725/3122) of contacts between health-care providers and the women had been recorded by health-care providers on either family planning cards or health passports. Lower-level health-care providers were more diligent at recording data on the family planning cards than higher-level providers.ConclusionThe use of family planning cards was an effective way of recording details of contraception provided by family planning providers. The involvement of health-care providers was key to the success of this approach. Data collected in this way should prove helpful in producing accurate estimates of method switching and the continuity of contraceptive use by women.

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“…However, the small number who did not complete the second survey were significantly younger and of lower parity than those completing both surveys. A description of women lost to follow-up 20 and additional details of the experimental study and study design are reported elsewhere. 21 Women were eligible for the present analysis if they completed both BMHS survey rounds and were married and between the ages of 13-49 at baseline; the final sample totaled 3,024 women.…”

Section: Samplementioning

confidence: 99%

Unmet Need, Intention to Use Contraceptives and Unwanted Pregnancy in Rural Bangladesh

Callahan

Becker

2014

IPSRH

Self Cite

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The measure of unmet need for contraception represents a core concept in the field of family planning and is one of the most important indicators for family planning policy, programs and research. A general concept of unmet need has existed almost as long as the international family planning movement has been in existence, beginning with researchers in the 1960s describing the discrepancy between women's stated desire to limit childbearing and their actual use of contraceptives.1,2 Measurement of this gap between knowledge, attitude and practice-the "KAP-gap"-was included in national family planning studies in developing countries from the 1960s through the 1980s. Charles Westoff and colleagues further refined the concept to take into consideration pregnancy, postpartum amenorrhea, fecundity and women's desire to space births. [3][4][5][6] Recently, Bradley et al. revised the unmet need measure to reduce its complexity and allow for more consistent application across time and countries. 7 The core of the concept, however, remains based on an algorithm that assigns unmet need to women who are married or in union and are fecund, but do not want a child in the next two years and are not using any method of contraception. Pregnant and amenorrheic women are considered to have an unmet need if they say that their current or last pregnancy was unintended.* 6Over the last three decades, recommendations have been made to improve the concept of unmet need, including accounting for the need for more effective family planning among women using traditional methods, 8,9 pregnant and postpartum women's future fertility intentions, 10 husbands' preferences and the unmet need of the couple, 11,12 and the unique contraceptive needs of unmarried women. 8,13 Researchers have also argued that to more effectively gauge actual contraceptive demand, the measure of unmet need should account for women's intention to use contraceptives, 10,14 and that a sizeable proportion of women classified as having an unmet need would not use contraceptives even if they were available. Therefore, using unmet need as the measure of contraceptive demand may be misleading. 15,16 Due to a lack of appropriate longitudinal data, few studies have assessed the value of the unmet need measure for predicting future contraceptive use or compared outcomes among women classified as having an unmet need according to whether or not the women intend to use a method.

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The Reliability of Calendar Data for Reporting Contraceptive Use: Evidence from Rural Bangladesh

Cited by 39 publications

References 33 publications

Intimate partner violence and pregnancy spacing: results from a meta-analysis of individual participant time-to-event data from 29 low-and-middle-income countries

Intimate partner violence and pregnancy spacing: results from a meta-analysis of individual participant time-to-event data from 29 low-and-middle-income countries

Using patient-held records to evaluate contraceptive use in Malawi

Unmet Need, Intention to Use Contraceptives and Unwanted Pregnancy in Rural Bangladesh

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