The relevance of the first two eye fixations for recognition memory processes

Schwedes, Charlotte; Wentura, Dirk

doi:10.1080/09658211.2019.1567789

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Our analysis of saccades within faces provides further evidence that the second fixation on non-redundant regions of a face (i.e. fixations resulting from saccades within a face) are critical for recollection memory (Schwedes & Wentura, 2019). While previous studies demonstrate how this viewing behavior supports recollection during item recognition, we show that this behavior also occurs during associative recognition based on recollection memory.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

“…Fixation-by-fixation analyses also involved comparisons of the number of saccades within selected faces, due to previous studies showing how this viewing behavior (i.e. second fixation onto a non-redundant region of a face) seems to support face recognition that involves recollection (Schwedes & Wentura, 2019). This analysis showed that this behavior also occurred with associative recognition and that earlier expression of this behavior (by the 3 rd fixation of visual search) seemed to rely upon conscious recall of search targets.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other studies have shown that recognition involving conscious recollection occurs within two fixations on faces (Hsiao & Cotrell 2008;Schwedes & Wentura, 2011 and scenes (Foulsham & Kingstone, 2012). Schwedes and Wentura (2019) showed that a single fixation was sufficient for above-chance recognition performance, which typically involved recognition based on a sense of familiarity, while a second fixation supported maximal recognition performance, which typically involved recognition based on a sense of recollection. This suggests that this eye-movement pattern provides visual information necessary for face recognition involving recollection memory, which could represent a precise behavioral correlate for this cognitive process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Early effects of recollection memory on viewing behavior during visual associative recognition

O'Young¹,

Voss²

2020

Preprint

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Memory for the context in which items were previously encountered is necessary for everyday tasks. Recollection of item-context associations can facilitate search and support earlier viewing of recognition targets. We used fixation-by-fixation analysis of viewing behavior to characterize visual fixations influenced by recollection during associative recognition. We computed the (1) aggregate proportion of viewing time on target and (2) saccades within target per fixation during recognition testing to measure the influence of recollection on viewing behavior. Proportion of viewing time on target and number of saccades within target increased after the initial fixation of recognition test. These results indicate that recollection effects occurred immediately after the initial fixation of visual associative recognition and that early, prolonged fixations and saccades within selected faces could represent a precise behavioral correlate of recollection memory.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Early effects of recollection memory on viewing behavior during visual associative recognition

O'Young¹,

Voss²

2020

Preprint

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“…For example, the eye movements observed during the retrieval phase could reflect either processes facilitating memory retrieval (e.g., resampling studied regions in a scene may increase study-test similarity and so may facilitate retrieval; Wynn et al, 2016), or they could reflect decision processes that occur after the memory is retrieved (e.g., increased resampling of studied regions could reflect evaluation of the strength or the quality of the specific details that were retrieved from memory; Holm & Mäntylä, 2007). Prior work has indicated that limiting eye movements during retrieval can significantly reduce recollection-based memory responses (Mantyla & Holm, 2006; Schwedes, Scherer, & Wentura, 2019; Schwedes & Wentura, 2019), suggesting that the presently observed eye movements may have been involved in facilitating recollection; however, we cannot rule out the possibility that they may have reflected additional postretrieval processes as well. Similarly, the eye movement effects related to familiarity could also reflect preretrieval and/or postretrieval processes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

The spatial distribution of attention predicts familiarity strength during encoding and retrieval.

Ramey¹,

Henderson²,

Yonelinas³

2020

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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The memories we form are determined by what we attend to, and conversely, what we attend to is influenced by our memory for past experiences. Although we know that shifts of attention via eye movements are related to memory during encoding and retrieval, the role of specific memory processes in this relationship is unclear. There is evidence that attention may be especially important for some forms of memory (i.e., conscious recollection), and less so for others (i.e., familiarity-based recognition and unconscious influences of memory), but results are conflicting with respect to both the memory processes and eye movement patterns involved. To address this, we used a confidence-based method of isolating eye movement indices of spatial attention that are related to different memory processes (i.e., recollection, familiarity strength, and unconscious memory) during encoding and retrieval of real-world scenes. We also developed a new method of measuring the dispersion of eye movements, which proved to be more sensitive to memory processing than previously used measures. Specifically, in two studies, we found that familiarity strength-that is, changes in subjective reports of memory confidence-increased with i) more dispersed patterns of viewing during encoding, ii) less dispersed viewing during retrieval, and iii) greater overlap in regions viewed between encoding and retrieval (i.e., resampling). Recollection was also related to these eye movements in a similar manner, though the associations with recollection were less consistent across experiments. Furthermore, we found no evidence for effects related to unconscious influences of memory. These findings indicate that attentional processes during viewing may not preferentially relate to recollection, and that the spatial distribution of eye movements is directly related to familiarity-based memory during encoding and retrieval.

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“…Instead of taking into account all fixations, it appears that the first two fixations on a face are highly important to achieve optimal recognition performance, as additional fixations do not significantly improve performance (Hsiao & Cottrell, 2008 ). The slight variations in the landing positions of the first and second fixations allow for sufficient information to be sampled for recognition, and the landing positions of the first two fixations are often at the center or towards the left side of the face (Hsiao & Cottrell, 2008 ; Schwedes & Wentura, 2019 ). The left-side bias, a tendency of fixating towards the left side of a face, appears to be related to better recognition performance (Chuk et al, 2017 ; Hsiao & Cottrell, 2009 ; van Belle et al, 2010 ).…”

Section: Eye Movements During Learning Of Other- and Own-race Facesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of implicit racial bias on recognition of other-race faces

2021

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Previous research has established a possible link between recognition performance, individuation experience, and implicit racial bias of other-race faces. However, it remains unclear how implicit racial bias might influence other-race face processing in observers with relatively extensive experience with the other race. Here we examined how recognition of other-race faces might be modulated by observers’ implicit racial bias, in addition to the effects of experience and face recognition ability. Caucasian participants in a culturally diverse city completed a memory task for Asian and Caucasian faces, an implicit association test, a questionnaire assessing experience with Asians and Caucasians, and a face recognition ability test. As expected, recognition performance for Asian faces was positively predicted by increased face recognition ability, and experience with Asians. More importantly, it was also negatively predicted by increased positive bias towards Asians, which was modulated by an interaction between face recognition ability and implicit bias, with the effect of implicit bias observed predominantly in observers with high face recognition ability. Moreover, the positions of the first two fixations when participants learned the other-race faces were affected by different factors, with the first fixation modulated by the effect of experience and the second fixation modulated by the interaction between implicit bias and face recognition ability. Taken together, these findings suggest the complexity in understanding the perceptual and socio-cognitive influences on the other-race effect, and that observers with high face recognition ability may more likely evaluate racial features involuntarily when recognizing other-race faces.

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The relevance of the first two eye fixations for recognition memory processes

Cited by 10 publications

References 36 publications

Early effects of recollection memory on viewing behavior during visual associative recognition

Early effects of recollection memory on viewing behavior during visual associative recognition

The spatial distribution of attention predicts familiarity strength during encoding and retrieval.

The effect of implicit racial bias on recognition of other-race faces

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