The Relevance of Models of Motivation and Learning to Animal Welfare

Toates, Frederick

doi:10.1007/978-94-009-3339-2_11

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Despite the lack of non-fasted controls in the present study, it was considered unlikely that any time-dependent factor other than fasting/frustration elicited the above physiological responses. Indeed, the results fit neatly with Toates's (1987) definition of stress as "a state induced by a failure to have a response available for obtaining a positive goal", in this case, the food. Fasting is known to increase H/L ratios in chickens (Gross and Siegel, 1983) and there is increasing evidence that it elicits adrenocortical activation irrespective of the age of the bird (see Introduction).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Adrenocortical and heterophil/lymphocyte responses to challenge in hens showing short or long tonic immobility reactions

Beuving¹,

Jones

Blokhuis³

1989

British Poultry Science

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1. Adult White Leghorn hens showing short or long tonic immobility reactions were classified as low-fear (LF) or high-fear (HF) responders, respectively. Following cannulation, their adrenocortical responsiveness to ACTH administration and the effects of chronic frustration induced by thwarting of feeding on plasma corticosterone concentrations and heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratios were measured at regular intervals. 2. ACTH injection elicited significant and similar mean increases in circulating corticosterone concentrations in both the LF and HF groups. 3. Absolute H/L ratios were higher in HF than in LF hens after cannulation, although both groups showed similar proportional increases from pre-operation ratios. 4. Plasma corticosterone concentrations and H/L ratios were significantly increased at 20 h and 44 h respectively after the frustration of feeding regime began. Thus, adrenocortical activation preceded increases in H/L ratios but, whereas the elevated plasma corticosterone concentrations found after 20 h remained virtually constant thereafter, H/L ratios rose progressively throughout the 68 h frustration period. 5. There were no significant differences between groups in their plasma corticosterone and H/L responses to frustration. However, a consistent trend towards greater adrenocortical activation was observed in the HF than in the LF hens.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Adrenocortical and heterophil/lymphocyte responses to challenge in hens showing short or long tonic immobility reactions

Beuving¹,

Jones

Blokhuis³

1989

British Poultry Science

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“…On the basis of biological needs, animal welfare was conceptualized as a multifaceted entity, where various contributions come together as different branches and sub-branches in a decision tree (Hillier and Liebermann, 1995). Biological needs are activity programs, or 'motivational' systems, of the animal, with the purpose of maintaining internal homeostasis and regulating interaction with the environment (Toates, 1987;EFSA, 2009). Dairy cows have various biological needs, with their own diversity of activities within each need (e.g.…”

Section: Welfare Definitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and application of a protocol to evaluate herd welfare in Dutch dairy farms

et al. 2015

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“…Her first defensive mechanism of avoidance is removed by the head restraint, and if hobbled, her second defensive mechanism of aggression is also truncated. The thwarting of highly motivated behaviours and experiencing fear have been associated with animal welfare compromises [60,139,140].…”

Section: Breedingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Champing at the Bit for Improvements: A Review of Equine Welfare in Equestrian Sports in the United Kingdom

Holmes

Brown

2022

Animals

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Equestrian sports, including racing (e.g., flat, steeple-chasing, harness or donkey derby); show-jumping; cross-country; dressage; polo; polocrosse; endurance; carriage driving; vaulting and hunting; are hugely popular in the UK, and they involve a significant number of people, both as participants and spectators, and tens of thousands of equids. In this paper, we discuss animal welfare as a complex and disputed issue, clarifying what the term means and how it can be measured. We review many aspects of welfare risk to equids used for sport, addressing issues encountered throughout their lives, including housing, feeding, veterinary intervention, shoeing, handling, training, breeding and equipment. This is followed by a unique exploration of the institutions and social processes influencing equine welfare. The institutional components comprise the rules of competition, the equids, attributes of the stakeholders and the space where participants strive to achieve a common purpose. We endeavour to untangle the most significant elements that create barriers or provide opportunities for equine welfare improvement. We expose the challenges faced by a broad range of stakeholders with differing ethics, attitudes and values. Evidently, there are many welfare risks to which equids used in sports continue to be exposed. It is also evident that significant improvements have occurred in recent times, but there remains a barrier to reducing the risks to an acceptable level. We conclude with recommendations regarding a process for change, involvement of stakeholders and management of knowledge to improve equine welfare that involves identifying and prioritising the risk factors and ultimately leading to interventions, further research and/or education.

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The Relevance of Models of Motivation and Learning to Animal Welfare

Cited by 6 publications

References 48 publications

Adrenocortical and heterophil/lymphocyte responses to challenge in hens showing short or long tonic immobility reactions

Adrenocortical and heterophil/lymphocyte responses to challenge in hens showing short or long tonic immobility reactions

Development and application of a protocol to evaluate herd welfare in Dutch dairy farms

Champing at the Bit for Improvements: A Review of Equine Welfare in Equestrian Sports in the United Kingdom

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