The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries

Potgieter, Natasha; Hoffman, Afsatou Ndama Traore

doi:10.5772/intechopen.72024

Cited by 10 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…De acuerdo a Fowler y Smets (2017), para asegurar una adecuada calidad de agua potable existen marcos regulatorios, para (a) contaminantes biológicos (bacterias patógenas, protozoos, virus y helmintos), (b) químicos inorgánicos (metales, oxianiones, especies de nitrógeno y radionúclidos), y (c) químicos orgánicos (naturales y sintéticos). La mayoría de las fuentes de agua para potabilización son superficiales y subterráneas, ambas formas de agua están expuestas a contaminación y requieren de algún tipo de tratamiento para ser considerada potable, aunque también existen fuentes de origen marino, embalses o tranques en base a agua de lluvia (Treacy 2019;Chowdhury et al 2016).…”

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Potential application of lactic acid bacteria in water treatment systems

Luna

Vergara-González

2021

ECOS

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Actualmente la potencial aplicación de bacterias acido lácticas (BAL) en los sistemas de tratamiento de agua se visualiza como una solución a la producción de agua potable y al tratamiento de aguas residuales, debido a la alta demanda por fuentes de abastecimiento y al aumento del vertimiento de aguas tratadas, debido al incremento de las actividades industriales y el crecimiento poblacional. Bajo este contexto y como respuesta a esta demanda se está recurriendo al tratamiento de fuentes naturales contaminadas, aumentando significativamente su costo. Por ello, el uso de este tipo de bacterias en el agua se muestra como una alternativa, al ser tecnologías de bajo costo que se incorporan al reciclaje de agua, biodegradables y que no generan derivados peligrosos producto del tratamiento. En las fuentes de captación naturales, existen comunidades bacterianas dentro de las cuales es posible encontrar poblaciones de BAL de vida libre, las cuales poseen un rol de protección del ambiente dulceacuícola, dada su versatilidad y propiedades probióticas. Se ha visto que poseen efectos en la remoción de metales pesados del agua, por mecanismos biológicos tales como biosorción y bioacumulación, disminuyendo su presencia en el medio circundante. En este artículo se presenta una revisión respecto al uso de BAL en la biorremediación de sistemas acuícolas, especialmente respecto de su contaminación por metales pesados, con el fin de ser utilizadas en los sistemas de tratamiento de agua del sur de Chile central, entregando a profesionales del ámbito sanitario, una alternativa para la producción de agua de buena calidad.

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Potential application of lactic acid bacteria in water treatment systems

Luna

Vergara-González

2021

ECOS

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Living Seed Materials Made by Metal–Organic Framework‐Encapsulated Bacillus Subtilis Spore

Liu,

Wu,

Kang

et al. 2023

Adv Funct Materials

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Genetically modified microorganisms (GMMs) possess significant potential for a wide range of applications; however, their execution in real‐world scenarios, particularly in environments characterized by scarce nutrients and unpredictable conditions, proves daunting. Drawing inspiration from the adaptability of natural seeds, living seed materials that combine a core–shell structure ZIF‐8 and genetically engineered spores are introduced. By genetically modifying the Bacillus subtilis strain to express distinct fluorescent proteins, the visualization of spores within the hollow sphere is facilitated, allowing for differentiation between spore and bacteria states. Importantly, the ZIF‐8 shell exhibits responsiveness to diverse nutrient levels, providing enhanced environmental resistance in comparison to bare spores upon exposure to hypochlorous acid, UV‐C radiation, and even vacuum conditions. Moreover, the potential of living seed materials for living sensors of small molecules is showcased by elucidating that spores can be resuscitated into functional bacteria after release from ZIF‐8 material. This research establishes a novel approach for the general fabrication of Metal‐Organic Frameworks (MOF)‐based living spore hybrid materials, offering environmentally controlled release of living materials across a multitude of applications.

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Beamed UV sonoluminescence by aspherical air bubble collapse near liquid-metal microparticles

Boyd

Suslov

Becker

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Irradiation with UV-C band ultraviolet light is one of the most commonly used ways of disinfecting water contaminated by pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. Sonoluminescence, the emission of light from acoustically-induced collapse of air bubbles in water, is an efficient means of generating UV-C light. However, because a spherical bubble collapsing in the bulk of water creates isotropic radiation, the generated UV-C light fluence is insufficient for disinfection. Here, we show that we can create a UV light beam from aspherical air bubble collapse near a gallium-based liquid-metal microparticle. The beam is perpendicular to the metal surface and is caused by the interaction of sonoluminescence light with UV plasmon modes of the metal. We calculate that such beams can generate fluences exceeding 10 mJ/cm 2 , which is sufficient to irreversibly inactivate most common pathogens in water with the turbidity of more than 5 Nephelometric Turbidity Units.Introduction.-The ability of UV-C light (200 − 280 nm) to inactivate bacteria, viruses and protozoa is widely used as an environmentally-friendly, chemical-free and highly effective means of disinfecting and safeguarding water against pathogens responsible for cholera, polio, typhoid, hepatitis and other bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases 1 . UV-C light inactivates pathogens through absorption of radiation energy by their cellular RNA and DNA prompting the formation of new bonds between adjacent nucleotides. This results in a photochemical damage that renders pathogens incapable of reproducing and infecting 1 .However, some pathogens can recover from photochemical damage when the initial UV dosage (fluence) is not sufficiently high 1 . Thus, the fluence must exceed 5 and 10 mJ/cm 2 , respectively, to inactivate 99% and 99.9% of Giardia and Cryptosporidium pathogens 2 . These specifications are for water purified from solid particles larger than 5 − 10 µm [turbidity less than 5 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU)] 2 . Otherwise, particles can shield pathogens from the UV light, thereby allowing many pathogens to recover and infect.The filtration of natural water presents significant challenges for remote communities and developing nations 2 . Moreover, filtered water, dissolved iron, organic salts and the pathogen population itself absorb UV-C light. Therefore, a 50% UV radiation loss has been accepted as suitable for practical use 1 .To enable UV disinfection of turbid water, we use the effect of sonoluminescence-the emission of broadband UV light in acoustically-induced collapse of air bubbles in water 3,4 . Air bubbles suitable for sonoluminescence can be created in natural water 5 and we show that they can act as compact sources of germicidal radiation lo-

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The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Potential application of lactic acid bacteria in water treatment systems

Potential application of lactic acid bacteria in water treatment systems

Living Seed Materials Made by Metal–Organic Framework‐Encapsulated Bacillus Subtilis Spore

Beamed UV sonoluminescence by aspherical air bubble collapse near liquid-metal microparticles

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