The release of genetically engineered micro‐organisms and viruses into the environment

Giddings, G. D.

doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.1998.00278.x

Cited by 23 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 103 publications

(181 reference statements)

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“…However, the release of large populations of biocontrol agents into the environment raises important biosafety issues related to the possible ecological consequences of such introductions on resident populations and ecosystem functioning (14). This concern is of primary relevance in the case of GM inoculants (8,19,27,61), and in many countries the existing regulatory framework makes their deliberate field release strictly dependent on detailed assessment of their potential environmental impact and associated risks (49).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In certain cases, genetically modified (GM) strains with increased expression of biocontrol traits have been developed to improve biocontrol efficacy (8,27,53). However, the release of large populations of biocontrol agents into the environment raises important biosafety issues related to the possible ecological consequences of such introductions on resident populations and ecosystem functioning (14).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of Biocontrol Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0 and a Genetically Modified Derivative on the Diversity of Culturable Fungi in the Cucumber Rhizosphere

Girlanda¹,

Perotto²,

Moënne‐Loccoz

et al. 2001

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Little is known about the effects of Pseudomonas biocontrol inoculants on nontarget rhizosphere fungi. This issue was addressed using the biocontrol agent Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0-Rif, which produces the antimicrobial polyketides 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (Phl) and pyoluteorin (Plt) and protects cucumber from several fungal pathogens, including Pythium spp., as well as the genetically modified derivative CHA0-Rif-(pME3424). Strain CHA0-Rif(pME3424) overproduces Phl and Plt and displays improved biocontrol efficacy compared with CHA0-Rif. Cucumber was grown repeatedly in the same soil, which was left uninoculated, was inoculated with CHA0-Rif or CHA0-Rif(pME3424), or was treated with the fungicide metalaxyl (Ridomil). Treatments were applied to soil at the start of each 32-day-long cucumber growth cycle, and their effects on the diversity of the rhizosphere populations of culturable fungi were assessed at the end of the first and fifth cycles. Over 11,000 colonies were studied and assigned to 105 fungal species (plus several sterile morphotypes). The most frequently isolated fungal species (mainly belonging to the genera Paecilomyces, Phialocephala, Fusarium, Gliocladium, Penicillium, Mortierella, Verticillium, Trichoderma, Staphylotrichum, Coniothyrium, Cylindrocarpon, Myrothecium, and Monocillium) were common in the four treatments, and no fungal species was totally suppressed or found exclusively following one particular treatment. However, in each of the two growth cycles studied, significant differences were found between treatments (e.g., between the control and the other treatments and/or between the two inoculation treatments) using discriminant analysis. Despite these differences in the composition and/or relative abundance of species in the fungal community, treatments had no effect on species diversity indices, and species abundance distributions fit the truncated lognormal function in most cases. In addition, the impact of treatments at the 32-day mark of either growth cycle was smaller than the effect of growing cucumber repeatedly in the same soil.

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confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Biocontrol Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0 and a Genetically Modified Derivative on the Diversity of Culturable Fungi in the Cucumber Rhizosphere

Girlanda¹,

Perotto²,

Moënne‐Loccoz

et al. 2001

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Because the introduction of genetically engineered organisms into the environment is a controversial subject (see Giddings [1998] for a recent review), in this article we use a mathematical model to explore the potential ecological consequences of releasing genetically modified baculoviruses. In general, modification results in reduced transmissibility of the introduced virus relative to the wild type.…”

Section: Risks Of Engineered Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the Risks of Engineered Viruses: Modeling Pathogen Competition

Dushoff

Dwyer

2001

Ecological Applications

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Recently there has been a great deal of interest in the potential use of genetically engineered baculoviruses as environmentally benign insecticides. Because baculoviruses often have a significant impact on the population dynamics of their hosts, any effort to assess the environmental impact of releasing engineered viruses must confront the question: Will genetically engineered baculoviruses outcompete wild‐type strains, thereby altering the natural population dynamics of the host? To begin to answer this question, we develop a mathematical model of competitive interactions between genetically engineered and wild‐type baculoviruses. We find that the interactions between these viruses are characterized mostly by dominance of one strain or the other, and that the chance that an engineered strain will outcompete a wild‐type strain depends on its particular combination of speed of kill and infectiousness. That is, baculoviruses must kill their host to become infectious, so the faster speed of kill of most recombinant viruses confers a competitive advantage. Most such strains, however, also produce fewer infectious particles and so are less infectious. Our model shows that the extent of this decrease in infectiousness must be rather small for an engineered strain to become dominant. Nevertheless, even engineered strains that are at a substantial competitive disadvantage relative to the wild type may take decades to go extinct. An additional complicating factor is that the outcome of competition depends on the overwinter survival of these viruses, about which little is known even for wild‐type viruses. Caution is therefore necessary in predicting the outcome of competitive interactions involving introduced baculoviruses, and further work is needed in understanding pathogen overwinter survival rates.

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“…En effet, cette extraction permet de détecter des microorganismes non décelables par les méthodes classiques (Liesack et Stackebrandt, 1992 ;Lee et al, 1996), permettant ainsi une meilleure estimation de la diversité microbienne (Steffan et Atlas, 1988). De plus, l'isolement de l'ADN permet aussi de révéler l'évolution de cette biodiversité (Torsvik et al, 1990) ou celle des gènes libérés dans l'environnement (Giddings, 1998). Dans le compost, l'analyse de la structure des communautés microbiennes exige des procédures d'extraction d'ADN adéquates.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Evaluation de l’efficacité de trois méthodes d’extraction d’ADN de la biomasse microbienne totale du compost

Ayed

Hassen

Gtari

et al. 2006

Environnement, Ingénierie &Amp; Développement

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RésuméL'extraction des acides nucléiques à partir du compost permet de détecter des microorganismes non détectables par les méthodes classiques. En effet, nous avons essayé trois méthodes différentes et nous avons remarqué l'importance d'une bonne lyse cellulaire pour la libération de l'ADN (8 cycles de congélation-décongélation). L'utilisation du mélange CTAB-PVPP a été remarquable puisque ce dernier a permis d'éliminer des impuretés, ce qui s'est traduit par un éclaircissement des échantillons bruns originels. La méthode de purification la plus efficace est celle qui utilise le mélange PEG-NaCl Abstract

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The release of genetically engineered micro‐organisms and viruses into the environment

Cited by 23 publications

References 103 publications

Impact of Biocontrol Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0 and a Genetically Modified Derivative on the Diversity of Culturable Fungi in the Cucumber Rhizosphere

Impact of Biocontrol Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0 and a Genetically Modified Derivative on the Diversity of Culturable Fungi in the Cucumber Rhizosphere

Evaluating the Risks of Engineered Viruses: Modeling Pathogen Competition

Evaluation de l’efficacité de trois méthodes d’extraction d’ADN de la biomasse microbienne totale du compost

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