The Release Mechanism and Locomotor Behavior of Equisetum Sperm

Bilderback, D. E.; Jahn, Theodore L.; Fonseca, James R.

doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1973.tb07591.x

Cited by 9 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The sperm of Pteridium aquilinum and Athyrium nipponicum (pteridophytes) move forward by ciliary beat of flagella (Wolniak and Cande 1980;Inouye and Hori 1991). The multiflagellate sperm of Equisetum hyemale change swimming direction by reverse gyration of all flagella (Bilderback et al 1973), which was not observed in L. japonicum in this study. High-speed video microscopy of the biflagellate sperm of Marchantia polymorpha (bryophyte) revealed that they do not show backward swimming (Miyamura et al 2002).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 51%

“…Three distinct swimming modes, rotation, swing, and forward-movement trailing spiral course have been reported in sperm of a liverwort Riccardia pinguis (Showalter 1926), several pteridophyte genera (Yuasa 1933b(Yuasa , 1933cBilderback et al 1973Bilderback et al , 1974, cycads (Norstog 1975) and Ginkgo biloba (Ridge et al 1997). The swimming of these sperm cells is quite different from the swimming mode of the well-known breaststroke in the forward and backward swimming in the Chlorophyta such as Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Ringo 1967;Hyams and Borisy 1978).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Swimming behavior and ultrastructure of sperm of Lygodium japonicum (Pteridophyta)

Sakaushi

Okoshi

Miyamura

et al. 2003

Sexual Plant Reproduction

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Swimming behavior of the sperm of Lygodium japonicum (Pteridophyta) and the associated ultrastructure of the flagellar apparatus were studied by video microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The sperm has approximately 70 flagella that emerge from a sinistrallycoiled flagellar apparatus, and swims forward by ciliary beat of these flagella. Backward swimming was not observed even after sperm collided with obstacles. Video microscopy showed that the flagella of the swimming sperm are oriented laterally and oblique-anteriorly. TEM and SEM observations revealed that the basal bodies of these flagella are arranged in at least two rows and oriented in the same directions as observed by video microscopy. These basal bodies (flagella) are categorized into two types according to their orientation: group I (laterally directed) and group II (oblique-anteriorly directed). The directionality of the basal bodies appears to be fixed by electron-dense material around their base. The outer dynein arms of the flagellar axoneme are entirely absent. These morphological characteristics of basal bodies (flagella) may relate to the lack of backward swimming behavior of the sperm. Based on these results, the evolution of swimming behavior in the archegoniates is discussed in connection with lack of backward swimming in a distantly related green alga, Mesostigma viride, and the Streptophyta.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 51%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Swimming behavior and ultrastructure of sperm of Lygodium japonicum (Pteridophyta)

Sakaushi

Okoshi

Miyamura

et al. 2003

Sexual Plant Reproduction

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“…Basal bodies overlie the MLS along the anterior coils and are roughly lined up in parallel with spline MTs; their constituent axonemes are directed slightly obliquely toward the cell posterior. This alignment establishes the direction of motility (Bilderback et al, 1973). In addition, the wide spline (150 -300 MTs) ensheaths the nucleus (except in Marsilea) and is involved in separation of cellular coils.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Comparisons among Equisetum, Psilotum and leptosporangiate ferns uncover common behavioural and structural features of their spermatozoids. In these cells, the longitudinal axis of the coils (a line running down the centre of the coils) is parallel, to the direction in which the cells swim (Bilderback et al, 1973). In contrast, the direction of movement in bryophytes and Selaginella gametes is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the coils.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel features of Equisetum arvense spermatozoids: insights into pteridophyte evolution

et al. 2002

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Summary• To characterize structural diversity within Equisetum and among pteridophytes, architectural features of the sperm cell are described here in a second subgenus of Equisetum , a divergent basal group in the fern clade.• Transmission electron microscopy observations of prereleased spermatozoids of Equisetum arvense were correlated with three-dimensional scanning electron microscopy images of swimming cells.• The mature spermatozoid completes a helix of approximately 2.5 revolutions. At the cell anterior is a complex multilayered locomotory apparatus with staggered flagella. Mitochondria (elongated-rounded) are aggregated near the locomotory apparatus and organelles extend along the cell length. The spline contains up to 300 microtubules and wraps in part around the long cylindrical nucleus. In swimming sperm cells, the anterior of the cell remains tightly coiled while the posterior relaxes and extends in a trailing fashion.• Spermatozoids of Equisetum arvense are smaller than those of Equisetum hyemale but structurally similar, except for nuclear shape. Conservation of cellular features suggests recent radiation of the genus. Equisetum spermatozoids share several critical features with ferns, including Psilotum , and support monophyly of a fern-Equisetum assemblage. Entry of the male gametes of Equisetum in their entirety into the archegonial venters indicates possible biparental inheritance of chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes.

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“…Equisetum (vascular plant) 600 Bilderback et al (1973) Myzostomum (polychaete) 800 Ishijima et al (1994) Arenicola (polychaete) 340 Pasey et al (1994) Turritella (marine snail) (swimming forward) 900 Ishijima et al (1999) Corbicula (clam) 1200 Howard et al (2004) Psammechinus (sea urchin) 900 Gray and Hancock (1955) Lytechinus (sea urchin) 900 Brokaw (1972) Tripneustes (sea urchin) 1000 Gibbons (1980Gibbons ( , 1982 Bacillus (arthropod) Baccetti et al (1973a) Short wave 800…”

Section: Sperm Flagellamentioning

confidence: 99%

Stretch‐activated calcium channels relay fast calcium waves propagated by calcium‐induced calcium influx

Jaffe

2007

Biology of the Cell

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For nearly 30 years, fast calcium waves have been attributed to a regenerative process propagated by CICR (calcium-induced calcium release) from the endoplasmic reticulum. Here, I propose a model containing a new subclass of fast calcium waves which is propagated by CICI (calcium-induced calcium influx) through the plasma membrane. They are called fast CICI waves. These move at the order of 100 to 1000 µm/s (at 20 • C), rather than the order of 3 to 30 µm/s found for CICR. Moreover, in this proposed subclass, the calcium influx which drives calcium waves is relayed by stretch-activated calcium channels. This model is based upon reports from approx. 60 various systems. In seven of these reports, calcium waves were imaged, and, in five of these, evidence was presented that these waves were regenerated by CICI. Much of this model involves waves that move along functioning flagella and cilia. In these systems, waves of local calcium influx are thought to cause waves of local contraction by inducing the sliding of dynein or of kinesin past tubulin microtubules. Other cells which are reported to exhibit waves, which move at speeds in the fast CICI range, include ones from a dozen protozoa, three polychaete worms, three molluscs, a bryozoan, two sea urchins, one arthropod, four insects, Amphioxus, frogs, two fish and a vascular plant (Equisetum), together with numerous healthy, as well as cancerous, mammalian cells, including ones from human. In two of these systems, very gentle local mechanical stimulation is reported to initiate waves. In these non-flagellar systems, the calcium influxes are thought to speed the sliding of actinomyosin filaments past each other. Finally, I propose that this mechanochemical model could be tested by seeing if gentle mechanical stimulation induces waves in more of these systems and, more importantly, by imaging the predicted calcium waves in more of them.

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The Release Mechanism and Locomotor Behavior of Equisetum Sperm

Cited by 9 publications

References 10 publications

Swimming behavior and ultrastructure of sperm of Lygodium japonicum (Pteridophyta)

Swimming behavior and ultrastructure of sperm of Lygodium japonicum (Pteridophyta)

Novel features of Equisetum arvense spermatozoids: insights into pteridophyte evolution

Stretch‐activated calcium channels relay fast calcium waves propagated by calcium‐induced calcium influx

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