The relative toxicity of Delphinium stachydeum in mice and cattle

Cook, Daniel; Welch, Kevin D.; Green, Benedict T.; Gardner, Dale R.; Pfister, James A.; Constantino, John R.; Stonecipher, Clinton A.

doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.03.005

Cited by 15 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…For example, D. glaucescens is composed predominantly of methyllycaconitine, an MSAL-type alkaloid with a small amount of MDL-type alkaloids, while many populations of D. barbeyi are often found to contain a three-to-one ratio of non MSAL to MSAL-type alkaloids [16,17]. Additionally, another tall larkspur species, D. stachydeum only contains non MSAL-type alkaloids [18]. Likewise in D. occidentale there are two chemotypes, one that contains both MSAL and non MSAL-type alkaloids and one that does not contain MSAL-type alkaloids [19].…”

Section: Plant Ecology and Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The low larkspurs in general contain a more diverse suite of MSAL-type alkaloids in addition to the non MSAL-type alkaloids [20]. These differences in the qualitative and quantitative composition of the MSAL and non MSAL-type alkaloids are implicated in differences in toxicity in cattle [16,18,21,22].…”

Section: Plant Ecology and Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Even in the absence of chromatography, a simple flow injection mass spectrometry method can be a valuable tool in assessing the alkaloid composition of larkspurs [42]. Such flow injection methods have been valuable in chemo-typing the various larkspurs based on alkaloid profiles, geographical location and species identifications [17][18][19]. With development of fully hyphenated methods, such as LC-MS/MS, the sensitivity and selectivity have become sufficient for detection of very low concentration of alkaloids (i.e., ng/mL) in such samples as sera or tissue (liver) for the purposes of defining toxicokinetics [22,45,46] or for diagnostic purposes in the analysis of contaminated feed supplies, tissues, rumen content or fluid samples of poisoned animals ( Figure 4).…”

Section: Analytical Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, MDL-type alkaloids appear to potentiate the overall toxicity of the MSAL-type alkaloids and should be considered when predicting potential toxicity of larkspur populations [22]. However, recent investigations into the toxicity of D. stachydeum populations demonstrated that some populations could potentially have adverse effects in cattle even though they do not contain MSAL-type alkaloids [18]. Based upon the results of the last few years of research, it has become evident that the toxicity of tall larkspur populations is greatly dependent upon the alkaloid profile of each species and even specific populations within a species [16,18,19,22].…”

Section: Toxicologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, recent investigations into the toxicity of D. stachydeum populations demonstrated that some populations could potentially have adverse effects in cattle even though they do not contain MSAL-type alkaloids [18]. Based upon the results of the last few years of research, it has become evident that the toxicity of tall larkspur populations is greatly dependent upon the alkaloid profile of each species and even specific populations within a species [16,18,19,22]. Consequently, it is impossible to provide a general statement as to how much larkspur a cow can eat without dying, as a lethal dose of larkspur is completely dependent upon the alkaloid profile of the plant and the genetic susceptibility of the animal.…”

Section: Toxicologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adverse Effects of Larkspur (Delphinium spp.) on Cattle

et al. 2015

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Abstract:There are numerous species of larkspur (Delphinium spp.) in North America. Larkspurs are a major cause of cattle losses on western ranges in the USA, especially on foothill and mountain rangelands. The toxicity of larkspur species is due to various norditerpenoid alkaloids. In this article, we review the current knowledge regarding larkspur ecology and distribution, analytical technologies to study and quantify the toxins in larkspur, the toxicology of the larkspur plants and their individual toxins, known genetic variations in larkspur susceptibility, and current management recommendations to mitigate losses from larkspur poisoning.

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Section: Plant Ecology and Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Plant Ecology and Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Analytical Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Toxicologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Toxicologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adverse Effects of Larkspur (Delphinium spp.) on Cattle

et al. 2015

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Bioactive Alkaloids from Plants Poisonous to Livestock in North America

Green

Lee

Gardner

et al. 2019

Israel Journal of Chemistry

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Plants produce a multiplicity of chemical compounds which have a variety of uses including flavors, fragrances, insecticides, dyes, poisons, and pharmaceutical agents. In this review, we focus on plant alkaloids from the genera Delphinium, Lupinus, Conium, Nicotiana, Veratrum, and selected plant endophyte derived alkaloids. Alkaloids discussed include norditerpenoid alkaloids which act as antagonists to block the ligand binding sites of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and cause acute toxicosis in adult animals which can result in death. The inhibition of fetal movement and resulting fetal defects caused by quinolizidine and piperidine alkaloids, the inhibition of the hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway by Veratrum alkaloids, and compounds derived from fungal endophytes that form symbioses with plant hosts will be also be discussed. The bioactivity of these alkaloids makes them useful tools for research and in human and veterinary medicine or potentially harmful toxins.

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Seasonal variation in the secondary chemistry of foliar and reproductive tissues of Delphinium nuttallianum

Cook

Slominski

Gardner

et al. 2016

Biochemical Systematics and Ecology

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Plant secondary compounds are critical in affecting interactions between plants and their herbivores. The norditerpene alkaloids are secondary compounds in Delphinium (larkspur) species which are divided into two classes: the N-(methylsuccinimido) anthranoyllycoctonine (MSAL-type) and non MSAL-type, and are known to be toxic to herbivorous insects and livestock. Alkaloid concentrations were measured in a whole plant context in vegetative and reproductive tissues in D. nuttallianum at different stages of plant maturity at two locations to explore how plant maturity affected alkaloid concentrations within a growing season. Alkaloid concentrations differed between vegetative and reproductive tissues, with vegetative tissues having significantly lower alkaloid concentrations than reproductive tissues. However, no systematic differences in alkaloid concentrations were observed at different plant maturity stages across the growing season. Based on the data we suggest that alkaloid allocation in different plant parts of D. nuttallianum is influenced by life history of the plant, consistent with plant defense theory. At one location, as pods mature the qualitative alkaloid composition changed through structural diversification of the alkaloids present. The ecological significance of this structural diversification awaits further exploration.

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The relative toxicity of Delphinium stachydeum in mice and cattle

Cited by 15 publications

References 21 publications

Adverse Effects of Larkspur (Delphinium spp.) on Cattle

Adverse Effects of Larkspur (Delphinium spp.) on Cattle

Bioactive Alkaloids from Plants Poisonous to Livestock in North America

Seasonal variation in the secondary chemistry of foliar and reproductive tissues of Delphinium nuttallianum

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